Imiphi impilo efana nalezizithulu nokuzwa okulukhuni (HOH) kushintshile kakhulu esikhathini esiyiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule. Izinguquko zenqubomgomo kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha zinikeze izixazululo zabaningi, kanti nokho ezinye izithiyo ziye zahlala zifanayo.
Umndeni we-Soukup-izizukulwane ezintathu zezindlebe-zibuke lezi zinguquko kanye nemigwaqweni yezimoto. Lapho isivunguvungu esikhulu sabhubhisa ipulazi likaBen Soukup Sr. ngo-1960, waya emabhange wonke edolobheni ukuze athole umboleko wokwakha kabusha.
Wonke wabo waphika isicelo sakhe ngesinye isizathu esilula: Wayengumuntu oyisithulu.
Indodana yakhe ayizange ikhohlwe isipiliyoni sokubuka ubaba elahlekelwa ipulazi yakhe futhi eqeda ukunikela impilo yakhe ekusizeni abayizithulu ukuxhumana nezwe elibazungezile, ifa eligcinwe yindodana yakhe, uChris, cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kamuva. UBen Soukup Jr. wasungula Isevisi Yokuxhumana Engenzi Nzuzo kubantu abayizithulu (CSD), enye yezinzuzo ezingenzi inzuzo e-US ezinikele ekunikeni amandla abantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH, futhi uChris uqhubeke nomsebenzi njenge-CEO yenhlangano.
Eminyakeni eminingi emva kokuba uBen Soukup Sr. elahlekelwe epulazini lakhe, umphakathi wesithulu futhi onzima wokuzwa uzoqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kakhulu e-United States nasemhlabeni wonke. Noma kunjalo, izinselele eziningi ziqhubeka.
Izithuthukisi
UMthetho waseMelika okhubazekile (ADA) usize ukuvula indlela yokukhulumisana okulula phakathi kwezilaleli nezithulu noma ze-HOH.
Kwadlula ngo-1990, umthetho wawuyishintsho esikhulu sabantu abayizithulu e-United States futhi bafuna ukulinganisa inkundla yokudlala kulabo abakhubazekile ngokudinga izinhlangano zomphakathi nezangasese njengezikole nezinkonzo zokuxhumana ngezinsiza zokuhlinzeka izindawo zokuhlala kulabo abayizithulu noma bezwa ukulahlekelwa.
Umthelela wawuvelele. Abaqashi babengasavunyelwe ukubandlulula labo abangezithulu noma i-HOH. Izinsizakalo zokudluliselwa kwamanye amazwe zavumela abanye ukuba benze ucingo okokuqala, bengasadingeki bathembele kubangane abazwayo nomakhelwane ukubiza inkampani yabo yekhebula noma ukwenza ukuqokwa kukadokotela. Amazwibela avela ngaphansi kwehange kuma-nightly news, kanti izikole nezibhedlela zaqala ukuhlinzeka ngezinsiza zokuhumusha kulabo abasebenzisa ulimi lwezandla lwaseMelika. Ukukhulumisana phakathi kwezizwe zokuzwa nokungezona ukuzwa kwaqala kancane.
Ukuvela kwe-intanethi namadivaysi e-elekthronikhi kwaqhubeka nokuguqula indlela abayizithulu nabakwaHOH abakhuluma ngayo. Njengama-imeyli, izithunywa ze-intanethi, ukuthumela imiyalezo, namafoni ahlakaniphile ziba zithandwa futhi zifinyeleleka, ukukhuluma nokuzwa akusekho isidingo sokwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke njengokuhleleka kokuthatha noma ukuphikisana nomthethosivivinywa. Izinsizakalo zokuxhumana ngevidiyo, njenge-Skype noma i-Zoom, zenze kube lula kakhulu kubasebenzisi bezandla zolimi ukuthi bakhulume nomunye noma abahumushi abade kakhulu ukusiza ngezingxoxo nabangane abazwayo nabalingani babo. Futhi imithombo yezokuxhumana evumela abantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH ukuba bathole futhi baxhumane kalula kalula-besiza labo abahlala ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ikakhulukazi, ukuthola umphakathi nokwakha inethiwekhi yokusekela.
Izinsiza zokuhumusha zisadingeka ezimweni eziningi, kepha labo abasemphakathini oyisithulu nabakwaHOH bayakwazi ukuxhumana nabantu abaningi kunabo bonke ngaphambili. Kodwa ngenkathi inkundla yokudlala ingase ibe yizinga eliphezulu, izinselele eziqhubekayo zihlala.
Izinselele Zomnotho
Ngokwemithetho efana ne-ADA, labo abasemiphakathini abayizithulu basuke bengasasebenzi ngokugcwele emsebenzini wezektri noma abasebenzi abasebenza kanzima, kodwa ukungasebenzi kanye nokungasebenzi kungabathinti kakhulu. Amaphesenti angaba ngu-10 ase-US asebekhulile asebekhulile abangezithulu noma i-HOH babesebenza ngentshiseko ngomsebenzi okwamanje bengakasebenzi ngo-2015, ngokuthola okuningi okuyingxenye yesikhashana noma izikhathi zesikhashana-futhi kuphela amaphesenti angu-37 asetshenziswe isikhathi esigcwele ngo-2015, uma kuqhathaniswa Amaphesenti angu-55 alabo abazwayo.
Lezi zikhala ezifanayo ziqhubeka emfundweni kanye. Naphezu kokugunyazwa okwenziwe yi-ADA, izikole ezijwayelekile kanye namayunivesithi azivame ukuhlelwa ngendlela esiza abafundi bezithulu nabakwaHOH ukuba bazuze kahle, futhi kunezikhungo ezimbalwa zezithulu nezamaHOH ezikhona. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-31 ubudala asebenzayo, abantu abadala abazwayo banesilinganiso se-bachelor noma ngaphezulu, kodwa kuphela amaphesenti angu-18 alabo abayizithulu noma amaHOH enza.
Umthelela wale misebenzi kanye nezinselele zemfundo unomthelela omkhulu. Labo abasemphakathini oyisithulu nabakwaHOH basengozini enkulu yokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka, kodwa ubufakazi obuvela kwabangqondo bezengqondo kanye nezenhlalo zomphakathi kubonisa ukuthi ukungafaneleki umsebenzi kungaxhunyaniswa nezindaba eziningi zempilo yengqondo, kanye nezimo ezingapheli nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa. Konke lokhu kungase kube nzima ukwenza imizamo yokuthola noma yokubamba umsebenzi okwanele, okwenza kube nomjikelezo onamandla-ikakhulu lapho imindeni ingakwazi ukufinyelela noma ukukhokhela ukunakekelwa kwempilo.
Umshwalanse we mpilo
Ngenxa yokuthi inqwaba enkulu yama-Amerika ase-insured athola isabelo sabo ngokusebenzisa abaqashi, abangasebenzi noma kuphela isikhathi esisebenzayo esisithulu futhi abantu abadala baseHOH ngokuvamile baxhomeke ezinhlelweni zosizo zomphakathi ezifana ne-Medicaid, ehlukahluka kakhulu ngombuso. Omunye wabantu abayi-10 base-US abayizithulu noma abakwa-HOH abaneminyaka engama-21 kuya kwengu-64 abazange babe nomshuwalense wezempilo ngo-2015, kodwa lokho kungumphakathi kazwelonke. Iphesenti labantu abadala abayizithulu kanye nabakwa-HOH bavela ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-1 eHawaii ukuya kuma-23 amaphesenti angu-23 e-Alaska.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi bonke abantu abayizithulu nabangenasisindo kanye nabakwaHOH bazobhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu zempilo, kodwa ubunzima bezomnotho nezomzwelo obuvame ukuhambisana nokungakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi okwanele akufanele baxoshwe. Imindeni enezithulu noma i-HOH abantu abadala abaneminyaka eyishumi nambili ubudala, basebenzisa abantu abangamaphesenti angama-9 000 ngonyaka, kanti abantu abangamaphesenti angama-20 asebenzayo ase-US abayizithulu noma abayi-HOH bahlala ngobumpofu, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-13 kuphela.
Ubumpofu
Ubumpofu bunendlela yaso yokuthinta impilo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abaseMelika abanomvuzo ophansi abanemfundo encane abahlala benempilweni encane kunezingane zabo eziphakeme, abacebile, ikakhulukazi kubantu abambalwa. Isimo sezenhlalakahle kanye nezinga lemfundo lixhunyaniswa nemiphumela eminingi yezempilo-kusuka kwesisindo sokuzalwa esiphansi kuya kwesifo sikashukela.
Ngenxa yokuxhumana okuningi kwezingqinamba, ukunqoba kwabo ngeke kube lula ukulungisa umthetho. Nakuba abaningi abayizithulu nabakwaHOH bathola ukusekelwa ngezimali kusuka ezinyathelo ezinjengezinhlelo ze-Social Security Disability and Supplemental Security Income, okuningi kungenziwa ukukhuthaza ukufinyelela okulinganayo emisebenzini nasemfundweni.
"Lapho sisezinselele ngokuyinhloko ekucabangeni kwabantu abayizithulu kanye namakhono abo," kusho ukukhulumisana nokuxoxisana nabo-okungenxa yokungasebenzi nje okwanele, kodwa nokuthola amathuba afanayo okuqhubekayo emsebenzini nasemisebenzini yezemfundo. Ngokwengxenye ye-CSD, iqala isikhwama semali esisebenzayo esomabhizinisi osithulu, ukusiza izinkampani ukuba zihlonze futhi ziqashe abasebenzi bezithulu nabakwaHOH, futhi zisize izinkampani ezifana no-Uber ukwakha izinto zokuqeqesha ngolimi lwezandla lwaseMelika. Kodwa ukuze banqobe izithiyo ezinkulu zomnotho, i-United States kumele ikwazi futhi ukuxazulula izinselele zenhlalo ezibhekene nalabo abayizithulu nabakwaHOH.
Izinselele zomphakathi
Ukuzwa izinselele kuthinta bonke ubudala, izinhlanga, kanye nobuhlanga, kusukela kulo lonke uhlangothi lwemiphakathi yezwe kanye nezendawo. Abanye abantu bazalwa bezithulu, abanye balahlekelwa ngenxa yokugula, ukugula, isikhathi noma ukuhlukunyezwa. Abanye bazwa kancane ngokusekelwa kwe-cochlear implant or aid hearing. Abanye abakwazi ukuzwa noma yini. Eqinisweni, amakhono kanye nezidingo zalabo abakhubazekile ukuzwa kunjengoba umphakathi uqobo.
Ulimi Lwezandla LwaseMelika (i-ASL)
Asazi ncamashi ukuthi bangaki abantu base-United States abasebenzisa i-ASL, kodwa ukulinganisa ububanzi kusuka ku-100,000 kuya kwesigidi esisodwa. Abahumushi-ababizwa ngokuthi "abahumushi" -abasebenzisi base-ASL baxhumana nabantu abazwayo, kanti i-ADA idinga ukuthi izikhungo zomphakathi nezikole zihlinzeke abahumushi be-ASL kulabo abadinga. Cishe ubabone emibuthanweni yezindaba ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele zemvelo, isibonelo, noma ngisho nasemakhonsathini.
I-ASL akuyona nje ukuhumusha okusekelwe kwesandla kweNgisi. Ulimi oluhlukile ngolwazi lwakhe oluyinkimbinkimbi, ukubiza amagama, kanye nemithetho ye-oda. NjengesiNgisi, izinkulumo nemilayezo zingashintsha ngokusekelwe kulokho owenza ukuhumusha. Kodwa ngokuvamile abasebenzisi be-ASL abakwazi ukukhetha umhumushi onikeziwe noma banenketho yokucela abahumushi abakhetha ngaphezu kwabanye-futhi lokho kungathinta umuntu oyisithulu noma uHOH ikhono lomuntu lokuxhumana noma ukuqonda ulwazi olubalulekile.
Ngisho noma kunikezwa isichazamazwi solimi lwezandla, ngezinye izikhathi akwanele. Ezimweni ezithile-njengehhovisi likadokotela, isibonelo-isichazamazwi esizithulu esiqinisekisiwe kungase kudingeke ukuba usebenze eceleni komhumushi we-ASL ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-nuances ahanjiswa kahle. Ngokufanayo, nakuba abaningi abayizithulu beba nesiNgisi esibhaliwe, ukubhala phansi kungase kungabi yindlela engcono kakhulu yokuxhumana nabo-ikakhulu uma ulimi lwezandla lungulimi lwabo oluyinhloko-namalungu omndeni akhuluma njenge-ASL akumele asetshenziswe njengomunye kubahumushi abaqinisekisiwe.
Isolation Social
Abazali abayizizwa eziyisishiyagalolunye kwabayisishiyagalolunye abazwayo, kodwa abangaphansi kwengxenye yesithathu banamalungu omndeni asayine njalo. Abanye bathembele ezindlebeni zabo noma eHOH abathandekayo ukuba bafunde izindebe, kodwa lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphawulekayo futhi kuvame ukuphumela ekuqondeni okungalungile kwalokho okushiwo. Kudinga ukuthi umuntu oyisithulu noma u-HOH 'alalele' ngendlela engase ingabi lula kubo njengokubuka omunye uphawu. Ungacabanga ukuthi umonakalo ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo wokungakwazi ukuxhumana nalabo abasondelene nawe, ungayeki abanye esikoleni noma emsebenzini. Kwabaningi abayizithulu abahlala ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, kungenzeka ukuthi yibo kuphela abayizithulu emphakathini wabo noma esikoleni, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwakha ubudlelwane.
"Ngikhumbula ngizizwa ngedwa, ngisho nalapho ngisondelene nabantu abaningi, ngenxa yokuvimbela ukuxhumana," kusho uMsombuluko. "Ngangazi ukuthi abantu abaningi babengekho enobungozi nokuthi izithiyo zokukhulumisana zikhona kuphela ngenxa yokungabonakali kwabantu abayizithulu nokuntula ukuqonda . "
Ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalakahle, ezinye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izingane ezizithulu, ikakhulukazi, zisengozini yokuhlukumeza, ukunganakwa, nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kunezontanga zabo-imiphumela engaba nomthelela ohlala njalo emzimbeni wengqondo nangokwenyama.
Izinselele zempilo yomphakathi
Eqinisweni, ucwaningo oluncane lukhona ngezidingo zezempilo zabantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH. Ucwaningo lwezempilo luvame ukuqhutshwa ucingo ngaphandle kwabantu abayizithulu, futhi izifundo eziningi zempilo yomphakathi eziningi azikho izindlela zokudlulisa idatha ngokuqondene nalabo abanokuzwa okungezwayo noma izithulu.
Abantu abaningi abayizithulu nabakwaHOH abazi izinto ezingase zibe ulwazi oluvamile kubantu abazwayo, njengemininingwane yabo yezokwelapha emndenini noma ngisho nesimiso sokuqala sezokwelapha, ngoba abanenzuzo yokukwazi ukuzwa izihlobo ezikhuluma ngezinto zezempilo noma enye izingxoxo zangasese. Ukusebenzisana nabachwepheshe bezokwelapha kungase kunganeliseki bobabili amaqembu, njengoba abasebenzisi be-ASL behlangana nezivimbela abahumushi abafanelekayo, nezinhlangano zezokwelapha zibhekene nobunzima ekubuyiseleni ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezinjalo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kungakhungathekisa bonke abathintekayo.
Iziphakamiso Zokuthuthukisa
Ngo-2011, abacwaningi bashicilele iziphakamiso zendlela yokuvala igebe kwezinye zezinkinga zokungaboni kahle kwezempilo ezihlangene nabantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH. Basikisela ukuthi kufanele:
- Thuthukisa ukufinyelela kolwazi lwezempilo ngemindeni eyisithulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukwengeza amazwibela kuwo wonke ulwazi lwezempilo lomphakathi ngomsindo, njengamavidiyo olwazi, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokulungiswa eziphuthumayo zenziwa ngokufakelwa kwabantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH.
- Faka ezinye izithulu nabantu baseHOH enqubo yokucwaninga. Ukuqashwa kwamaphrojekthi okucwaninga ngempilo yomphakathi kufanele kufaneke kubantu abangezithulu nabakwaHOH, kubandakanya nokuhlinzeka nokuqoqa ulwazi ngokusebenzisa i-ASL.
- Qoqa futhi uhlaziye idatha entsha nekhona ekhona nabantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH engqondweni. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukulula okulula kolwazi oluphathelene nezithulu olwenziwe ngezithulu ezihlolweni, njengalapho kulahlekelwa ukulalelwa kweminyaka yobudala.
- Khuthaza abasebenzisi be-ASL ukuthi bahlanganyele ezingxoxweni zezempilo zomphakathi. Ukucwaninga okubambe iqhaza komphakathi kufanele kubambe iqhaza kubantu abangezithulu noma abakwaHOH ukuze banikeze ukuqonda kuzo zonke izinkinga zezempilo-hhayi nje kuphela lezo ezihlobene nokuzwa-nezinsiza zokuhumusha kufanele zinikezwe izinkomfa zempilo kanye nemicimbi.
- Khuthaza abantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH ukuba basebenze emiphakathini yezempilo kanye nempilo ehlobene nempilo. Ngokuqala emisebenzini yezempilo, izithulu kanye ne-HOH zingasiza ukuhlela ikharityhulam yokuqeqeshwa kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezempilo ukuze kufinyeleleke kalula kulabo abangezithulu nabakwaHOH.
- Memezela imali eyengeziwe yamasevisi okuxhumana. Izinsiza zokuhumusha zibalulekile kubantu abangezithulu nabakwaHOH abasebenzisana nomphakathi wezempilo, kodwa bangabiza. Ukukhuluma nabakhi bezinqubomgomo mayelana nesidingo sokubaluleka kwemali yalezi zinsizakalo kungasiza ukuvumela ukufinyelela okwandisiwe kumasevisi wezokwelapha nezinhlelo ezihlobene nempilo.
Izwi elivela
Okuningi kushintshwe emashumini eminyaka kusukela uBen Soukup Sr. wenqatshelwe imali, kodwa kuzothatha umzamo wokubambisana ezingeni lendawo, lombuso, kanye nezwe ukuqhubeka nokwenza intuthuko yangempela. Lokhu kuthiwa, ukuzwa abantu ngabanye kungase kusekele le mizamo ngokwenza okwengeziwe ukufuna nokwakha ubudlelwane nabantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH emiphakathini yabo, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, basize ukuvala ukuhlukunyezwa kwezenhlalakahle phakathi kwezwe lokuzwa nezithulu noma zeHOH.
> Imithombo:
> Barnett S, McKee M, Smith SR, Pearson TA. Abasebenzisa uLimi Lwezandla Lwangasese, Ukungalingani KwezeMpilo, Nempilo Yomphakathi: Ilungelo Lobulungisa Bomphakathi. Ukuvimbela Izifo Zengculazi . 2011; 8 (2): A45.
> University of Cornell. Izibalo zokukhubazeka. 2015.
> HealthyPeople.gov. Idatha2020.
> Inethiwekhi Kazwelonke. Ngabe yi-Americans with Disability Act (ADA)?