Ngesinye isikhathi izidakamizwa zifaka izinzuzo ezingalindelekile
Igama elithi "effect effect" ngokuvamile lithola i-rap embi. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi imiphumela emibi yomuthi imbi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwe- AMA Manual of Style , umphumela ohlangothini nje "umphumela wesibili wezokwelapha (ngokuvamile okusekelwe kwezidakamizwa) okusetshenziselwa ukulungisa isimo sezokwelapha" futhi ngaleyo ndlela kungaba yinzuzo noma inobungozi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "imiphumela emibi," "izenzakalo ezimbi," nokuthi "ukusabela okubi" kuyimiphumela emibi yokwelapha.
Akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi imithi eminingi inezimo ezihlukile ekusebenziseni okuhlosiwe. Emva kwakho konke, uma sekudliwe, lezi zidakamizwa zijikeleza emzimbeni wonke futhi zivezwe ezinhlobonhlobo zemizimba, kuhlanganise nezinqubo zokujikeleza, zokuphefumula, nezinzwa.
Nazi imiphumela emihlanu engavamile futhi enenzuzo yemithi ejwayelekile ejwayelekile.
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I-Proscar ne-Growth HairI-Proscar iyimithi esetshenziselwa ukuphatha i- benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) . I-BPH iyindlela yokwelapha lapho i-prostate gland (etholakala emadodeni) ingavimbela i-urethra ngakho-ke ukugeleza komchamo. I-BPH yisimo esingakhululekile, esibangela izimpawu zamanzi, njengokuvama kwamanzi, ukungabazi, ukuphuthuma nokuthungatha okubuthakathaka.
I-Proscar ivimbela i-5a-Reducasease, i-enzyme yangaphakathi ye-intracellular eguqula i-testosterone ku-dihydrotestosterone. Ngokwenza kanjalo, i-Proscar iyanciphisa ubukhulu be-prostate phakathi nezinyanga futhi inciphise izimpawu zokuvimbela umchamo.
Isithako esisebenzayo ku-Proscar yi-finasteride, futhi futhi isithako esisebenzayo ku-Propecia, isidakamizwa esithathwe ukuze sikhuthaze ukukhula kulabo abanamakhanda abesilisa . Ngamanye amazwi, indoda e-bald ethatha i-Proscar ukuphatha i-BPH ingase iphinde ibone ukukhula kwezinwele.
Ngokuphawulekayo, ukuhlushwa kwe-finasteride e-Proscar kuphakeme kakhulu kunokwakheka kwe-Propecia. Ngamanye amagama, abantu abathatha i-finasteride ye-BPH bathatha cishe 5 mg ngosuku ngosuku lwezinyanga ezimbalwa; kanti, labo abathatha izinwele ze-finasteride bathatha cishe 1 mg ngosuku ngosuku lwezinyanga ezimbalwa.
Sicela uhlole nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuthatha i-Proscar, i-Propecia noma imuphi omunye umuthi wegciwane. Udokotela wakho uzokwazi ukuthi yiziphi izilinganiso kanye nokwelapha, uma kukhona, okulungile kuwe.
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I-Baclofen ne-Heartburn ReliefI-Baclofen iyi-muscle ye-muscle ephumuzayo evimbela ukudluliselwa kwezindlevu ezingeni lomgogodla. Isetshenziselwa ukuphatha imisipha ye-muscle spasticity . Ukusabalalisa kuhilela ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo nokungadingeki kweqembu elilodwa noma ngaphezulu. Ukuphazamiseka kubangelwa ukulimala noma ukuhlambalaza (isibonelo, ukukhubazeka kwesiberethri, multiple sclerosis noma isifo sohlangothi) ebuchosheni noma kumgogodla.
Ubukhulu be-spasticity buqhuba i-gamut ebucayi futhi ivele idabukisayo ibe enkulu futhi ingakwazi ukukhubazeka. Ukuphambana okukhulu kungabangela izivumelwano, ukungahambi kahle, nokulala ( izilonda ze- AKA izilonda noma izilonda zamagciwane).
Kubalulekile ukuphatha ubuhlungu ngoba lesi simo singabangela ubuhlungu, sithinte isimo sengqondo, siphazamise ukulala futhi sithinte ukuhamba nokuphazamisa ikhono lomuntu lokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yokuphila kwansuku zonke, njengokugcinwa kokuhlanzeka, ukusebenzisa indlu yokugezela, ukugqoka nokudla. Ukwehluleka ukuphatha kahle izidakamizwa kungabangela ukukhubazeka okungapheli, noma ukulungiswa okungalungile, kufaka phakathi isivumelwano sezintambo nemisipha encane kanye nokunciphisa imisipha.
Ngaphandle kokwelapha izimpawu ezihlukahlukene ze-muscle spasticity, njenge-soreness, cramping, kanye nama-spasms, i-baclofen ingabuye ithuthukise izimpawu zesifo se-reflux se-gastroesophageal (GERD) . I-GERD ibangelwa ukuphumula okungavamile kwe-sphincter esezansi engezansi (LES), ekhona phakathi kwesiguli nesisu futhi ivumela ukuhamba kokudla eceleni kwendlela yokuphuza emathunjini. Lapho i-sphincter esezansi ephansi igxila ngokungavamile, okuqukethwe kwe-acidic esiswini kubuyele emuva emgodleni obangela izimpawu ze-GERD, njengokugubha, ukukhwehlela, umphimbo, ubuhlungu besifuba kanye nobunzima bokugwinya.
Kubantu abathile abane-GERD, i-baclofen ingathuthukisa izimpawu zalesi simo ngoba ivimbela ukuphumula kwe-LES okungapheli (TLESR), ikakhulukazi ngemva kokudla (postprandial). Imiphumela yokucwaninga ibonisa ukuthi lesi sidakamizwa sinciphisa inani lama-TLESR ngamaphesenti angama-40 Kwimininingwane ehlobene, ukwelashwa kweGERD nge-baclofen kuphelile-ilebuli futhi kuvame ukugcinwa kubantu abangaphenduli (bayayigxila ku) ukwelashwa okuvamile neproton pump inhibitors ( Ama-PPI) .
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakuba i-gastroenterologists iqaphele ekusebenzeni ukuthi i-GABA-B agonist baclofen isisiza ngezibonakaliso ze-GERD, ekuhlolweni komtholampilo, lo mphumela awuzange uqedwe ngokucacile. Esikhathini esedlule, izinkampani ezintathu zokwelapha ziye zazama ukuthuthukisa ama-agonists e-GABA-B ekwelapheni i-GERD: AstraZeneca, Xenoport ne-Addex Pharmaceuticals. Lesogaberan ye-AstraZeneca yenza kube nzima kakhulu ekuhlolweni komtholampilo; Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi lesi sidakamizwa asizange sisize nge-GERD.
Uma beqhubeka nokuhlola, abacwaningi baye basikisela ukuthi isizathu sokuthi izifo ze-lesogaberan azizange zibonakalise ziwusizo emtholampilo wokuhlolwa kwemithi ka-AstraZeneca ngoba isiguli sesiguli sasihlosile kakhulu. Abacwaningi bahlola i-lesogaberan kubantu abahlukahlukene abane-GERD refractory kuma-PPIs. Esikhundleni salokho, abantu abaningi bangabonakaliswa izimpawu zabo ezikhona (isibonelo, ukukhwehlela inhliziyo, ukukhwehlela noma isifo somzimba); Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza kumele bafake kuphela labo abavame ukubhekana ne-reflux ephikisanayo, noma ukubuyiswa kabusha, ama-TLESR abanolwazi njengesizathu salokhu kuhlaziywa, futhi bebenqabile ukwelashwa ngama-PPIs.
Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abane-GERD ye-classic lapho ingcindezi ye-sphincter esezansi ephansi ihlala iphansi, mhlawumbe ayizuzi okuningi ngokukwelashwa nge-baclofen. Esikhundleni salokho, cishe i-baclofen isiza abantu abane-reflux enzima abahlangabezana nama-TLESR ngemuva kokudla. Lawa ma-TLESR angabangela ukwehla kwesisindo esingaphansi kwe-sphincter, esingasinciphisa ngokusebenzisa i-baclofen.
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I-Viagra nokukhwabanisa kwenhliziyo okuthuthukisiweSonke siyazi ukuthi i-Viagra (sildenafil) isiza amadoda ukuba abe nobulili. Ngokuqondile, kwandisa ukugeleza kwegazi ukuya epeniseni ngokuziphumuza imisipha ebushelelezi. Ngaphandle kokwenza izinto zokulungisa, i-Viagra ingase ibe nemiphumela emihle kakhulu yokuthuthukisa impilo yenhliziyo.
Imiphumela evela ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta ka-2014 eyanyatheliswa ku- BMC Medicine ibonisa ukuthi inhibitors ye-phosphodiesterase yohlobo lwe-5 (PDE5), njenge-Viagra, inezakhiwo ezingenakuqhathaniswa futhi ingathuthukisa ukuvumelanisa inhliziyo (inotropism). Labacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-Viagra namanye ama-inhibitors e-PDE5 angase abe usizo ekuphatheni ukuxilonga inhliziyo nenhliziyo ehlulekayo ekuqaleni.
Inothi, sisenokuningi okungaqondakali mayelana nemiphumela ye-PDE5 inhibitors enempilo yenhliziyo. Noma kunjalo, kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi izinzuzo ze-Viagra zingase zidlulisele ekamelweni.
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Amaphilisi Okuvimbela Umlomo Namafutha OkuthuthukisiweAbesifazane abasha abaningi bayaqaphela ukuthi ama-acne abo ahamba ngcono ngemva kokuthatha amaphilisi okubeletha ngomlomo (OCPs) ukuvimbela ukukhulelwa. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa akuyona into engaqondakali futhi kubangelwa amahomoni akhona ekulawuleni ukubeletha amaphilisi-estrogen kanye ne-progesterone.
Ngonyaka wezi-2012, abacwaningi beCocrane Collaboration benza ucwaningo lwezinhlolovo ezihlolisise ukusetshenziswa kwe-OCPs ekwelapheni kwama-acne. Ukubuyekezwa kwabo kwaphela kuhlanganise nezifundo ezingu-31 neziguli ezingu-12,579. Ukubuyekezwa kwakunamandla futhi "kuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zamaphilisi okulawula ukuzalwa, iphilisi ne-placebo noma 'i-dummy,' noma iphilisi nezinye ukwelashwa kwama-acne."
Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi i-OCP iphumelela ekunciphiseni izilonda ezinokuvuvukala nezingezona ukuvuvukala ezisezingeni eliphansi kwesigunci sobuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi, kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-estrogen ne-progesterone equkethwe kuwo, ama-OCP athile angcono kunezinye zokuphatha izigaxa. Ngokwesibonelo, amaphilisi ayenama-acetate ase-cyproterone kuwo asebenza kangcono kunalabo abane-levonorgestrel.
Sicela ugcine engqondweni, kodwa, ukuthi asazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-hormone eziqukethe ama-OCP okusemandleni ekusizeni nge-acne, nanoma yisiphi isimangalo sokuthi u-OCP owodwa uthatha induna kangcono kunokuba abanye, njengamanje, abangenasisekelo.
Ngamanye amazwi, uma omunye umkhiqizi we-OCP enzeka ukukhangisa ukuthi i-OCP yayo isebenza kangcono kune-OCP yomkhiqizi ophikisanayo, ngakho-ke, kusukela manje, lesi simangalo asisekelwe ebufakazini obunokwesayensi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uma othile ekutshela ukuthi i-OCP yamanje ethatha isisiza kakhulu nge-acne kune-OCP yangaphambilini ayithathile, ayikho isisekelo sesayensi salesi sitatimende, noma kunjalo. Ukubheke phambili, kungaba okuthakazelisayo ukuhlola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-OCPs ezisiza ngezibonakaliso ze-acne kakhulu.
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I-Levodopa nokudalaEmibhalweni yezincwadi zezokwelapha, kunomlando omude oxhumanisa izimo ze-neuropsychiatric nokudala. Sekuyisikhathi eside odokotela bebona ukuvela kwethalenta elisha lokudala ngemuva kokucindezeleka kwe-frontotemporal, ukulimala noma ukulimala kwesikhashana.
Kodwa-ke, odokotela baye baqala ukuhlola ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu abathwala i-levodopa namanye ama-dopamine agonists ngesifo sikaParkinson kanye nokuvela kokusungulwa okusha. Le ntshisekelo inikwe ama-akhawunti wabantu abanesifo sika-Parkinson ababengakaze babhale izincwadi zokushicilela kanye nezinkondlo ezaqhubeka zihlose ukubaluleka kokubhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abanesifo sikaParkinson ababesebenzisa i-dopamine agonists (i-Levodopa) baye babonwa ukuze bakhe ubuciko obuhle kakhulu obudwetshwe ngemibala ecacile.
Cabanga ngendatshana elandelayo evela ephepheni lika-2013 elishicilelwe kwi- Behavioral Neuroscience , elichaza ngokubamba iqhaza le-dopamine agonists njengezakhi zokuthuthukisa:
"Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi zonke iziguli ezibhekene ne-PD [i-Parkinson's disease] ezakhiwe ngobuciko zaziphathwa ngamagciwane e-dopaminergic kuhlanganise ne-levodopa kanye ne-dopamine agonist. Nakuba abanye abalobi bephakamisa indima ye-ergot abahlaseli, izinto ezifanayo zenzeke futhi nge-nonergots. Ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi i-constellation edingekayo yamathalenta amasha aphuthumayo noma ukuthuthukiswa kwengane encane; [i] ukutholakala kwe-PD nokuvezwa kwe-levodopa kanye ne-dopamine agonist. "
Ngombhalo wokugcina, ukuxhumana okubonile phakathi kokuphathwa kwe-levodopa nobuciko kusekhona, ngalesi sikhathi, ngokucabangelayo. Ezinye izici zingase zibe nokudlala, futhi, kuhlanganise nezinqubo zesifo sikaParkinson ngokwayo, njengokungavinjelwa noma ukufuna okuhle.
Noma kunjalo, kungcono kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi ukwelashwa kwesifo sikaParkinson, isifo esiqhubekayo sesistimu yezinzwa esenza kancane kancane umuntu ahambe, angase agqugquzele isiguli ukudala ubuciko obuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobu buciko bokudweba bungathuthukisa izinga lompilo womuntu futhi banikeze ukwelashwa okudingekayo kubantu abanesifo sikaPasinson.
> Imithombo:
> Castell DO. Izinqubekela phambili ku-GERD. U-Richter JE, uhleli. I-Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 200ADAD; 5: 816-818. Chamie K, Rochelle J, Shuch B, uBelldegrun AS. Urology. Ku: Brunicardi F, Andersen DK, B Billiar, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE. ama-eds. Izimiso Zokuhlinza Schwartz, 10e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Kahrilas PJ, Boeckxstaens G. Ukuhluleka kwe-reflux inhibitors ekuvivinyweni kwemithi: izidakamizwa ezimbi noma iziguli ezingalungile? I-Postgrad Med. (89): 111-119.
> I-Mosby's Drug Reference yezobuchwepheshe bezeMpilo. USt. Louis, MO: uMosby Elsevier; 2010.
> Rabow MW, Pantilat SZ. Ukunakekelwa kwePalliative nokuPhathwa Kwezinhlungu. Ku: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW. ama-eds. Ukutholakala Kwezokwelapha Nokwelashwa Kwamanje 2017 . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016.