Isikhumba isifo esithathelwanayo esikhulu esibangelwa igciwane le-variola eliqedwa ukugoma emhlabeni wonke ngo-1980, okusho ukuthi akusekho ngokwemvelo. Ukugqashuka kokugcina kwemvelo e-United States kwaba ngo-1949. Kodwa-ke, isifo sezinambuzane sasinye sezifo ezibulalayo kakhulu izinkulungwane zeminyaka, kwabulala abantu abathathu kwabayishumi abayitholile futhi beshiya abanye abaningi ngezibazi ezingapheli noma ngisho nezimpumputhe.
Izimpawu zokuqala zifana nomkhuhlane futhi ukuqhuma kuvela ngaphakathi kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, kubangele izibulter ezijulile eziba ngesikhumba bese ziwa.
Umlando
Imvelaphi ye-ingulube ayiqinisekisiwe, kodwa kuthiwa ivela eGibhithe noma eNdiya. Isikhumba sasifika eYurophu phakathi kwekhulu lesihlanu nesikhombisa futhi sasikhona emadolobheni amakhulu aseYurophu ngekhulu le-18. Ama-Epidemics ayenzeka emakoloni aseNyakatho Melika ngekhulu le-17 nele-18. Ngesinye isikhathi isikhukhukhukazi sasisifo esibalulekile kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kwe-Australia neziqhingi ezimbalwa ezikude. Izigidi zabantu zafa emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi eYurophu naseMexico, ngenxa yezifo eziwumkhuhlane we-epidemic.
Ukuhlukahluka
Ukuwa kwe-ingulube kwaqala ngokuqaphela ukuthi abasindile lesi sifo bavikelekile empilweni yabo yonke. Lokhu kwaholela ekwenzeni ukuhlukahluka-inqubo yokuveza umuntu onempilo emithonjeni enesifo esivela kumuntu onomkhuhlane wezinambuzane ngamathemba okukhiqiza isikhuhlane sezinambuzane esimweni esinamandla esihlinzekela igciwane lesandulela ngculaza ekutheleleni okuqhubekayo.
I-akhawunti yokuqala ebhaliwe ye-variolation ichaza umunyu waseBuddha owenza cishe ngo-1022 kuya ku-1063 AD. Wayezogaya ama-scabs asuka kumuntu onegciwane lesibhokotshi libe yi-powder, bese ewuphonsa emakhaleni omuntu ongewona omzimba. Ngawo-1700s, le ndlela yokuhlukahluka yayivame ukujwayela e-China, India naseTurkey.
Ngasekupheleni kwe-1700, odokotela baseYurophu basebenzisa lokhu kanye nezinye izindlela zokuhlukahluka. Abanye abantu abaye bahlukunyezwa babulawa yi-ingulube, kodwa lo mkhuba wancipha kakhulu inani lokufa kwabantu bezinambuzane.
Ukugonywa
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ekuqothulweni kwesibhokotshi senzeke ngokubona komhlengikazi waseNgilandi, u-Edward Jenner, ukuthi i-milkmaids eyathuthukisa i-cowpox (isifo esingathí sina kakhulu) ayizange ibe nezibonakaliso ze-typox lapho zivezwa ngokuhlukahluka. Ngalolokutholwa, ngo-1796, uJenner wathatha umkhuhlane ovela e-cowpox pustule esandleni sika-dairymaid futhi wangena umfana oneminyaka engu-9 ubudala. Ngemva kwamasonto ayisithupha, wadalula umfana ngesikhumba, futhi umfana akazange abe nezimpawu. UJenner waqamba igama elithi "umuthi wokugoma" egameni elithi "vaca," elisho "inkomo" ngesiLatini. Umsebenzi wakhe waqala ukusola kodwa ngokushesha wamukelwa futhi wamukelwa. Ngo-1800, abantu abangaba ngu-100 000 babegonywe emhlabeni jikelele.
Umuthi wokugoma wamanje owawuvunyelwe yi-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) wathathwa kusuka ebuthakatheni obuthakathaka obubizwa ngokuthi "iNew York City Board of Health". Yakhiwe yi-Wyeth Laboratories futhi ilayisensi ngaphansi kwegama elithi Dryvax. Ukuqubuka kokugcina kwesibungu sezilwane e-United States kwenzeka eTexas ngo-1949 ngamacala angu-8 nokufa oku-1.
Nakuba iningi laseNyakatho Melika, eNtshonalanga Yurophu, e-Australia naseNew Zealand lalingenaso isikhukhumba, ngalesi sikhathi, amanye amazwe afana ne-Afrika ne-India aqhubeka ehlushwa izifo.
Ukuqedwa
Ngo-1967, i-World Health Organization (WHO) yaqala umkhankaso womhlaba wonke wokuqeda isibhokongo. Le njongo yafezwa eminyakeni eyishumi ngenxa yokuthi iyingxenye enkulu yemizamo yokugoma. Isigameko sokugcina sesibhukela senzeke eSomalia ngo-1977. NgoMeyi 8, 1980, iNhlangano YezeMpilo Yomhlaba yasho ukuthi umhlaba awukhululekile nge-ingulube-okufezekile okwenziwe ngempela.
Ama-United States ayeka ukugoma abantu abaningi ngo-1972 kodwa waqhubeka nokugoma izisebenzi zempi.
Kunconywa ukuthi ukugonywa kwabasebenzi bezempi kume ngo-1986 futhi ukugoma kwavalwa ngokusemthethweni ekutholeni amasosha ngo-1990.
Izimpawu
Uma uqala ukuvezwa ngegciwane lesibungu lesikhukhumba, ungumuntu obizwa ngokuthi yisikhathi sokukhushulwa. Awusakazelanga futhi ngeke ube nezimpawu zenye izinsuku ezingu-7 kuya kwezingu-19. Izimpawu zesibunguli sezinambuzane ziqala ngomkhuhlane omkhulu, ikhanda, ukukhathala, nama-body aches, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zihlanza, zonke zazo zingahlala ezinsukwini ezimbili kuya kwezine. Ungase utheleleke kuleli phuzu.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, uzobe uhlakulela ukuqhuma okuphambuka emlonyeni wakho futhi usakazeke, uphenduke ama-bumps aphakanyisiwe namabhanti agcwele ama-pus agqamile, ahlabe, futhi awele ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, eshiya isikebhe esisibophekile. Ungase futhi uhlakulele amabhuleki ekhaleni nasemlonyeni wakho. Utheleleke kakhulu uma kuqala ukuqhuma, futhi ulokhu usulelekile kuze kube yilapho isiqhwaga sokugcina sikhohla.
Izimbangela
Isikhumba singukutheleleka okubangelwa igciwane le-variola. Kungabanjwa ngokuxhumana nomunye umuntu, emoyeni esakhiweni esivinjelwe (okungajwayelekile), noma ekuthintaneni nezinto ezinamanzi, njengezingubo kanye nezingubo. Akukho bufakazi bokuthi isibhokotshi sisakazwa yizilwane noma izinambuzane.
Ukuxilongwa
Ngenxa yokuthi isikhukhumba sinqanyuliwe isikhathi esithile, odokotela abaningi ngeke bakwazi ukutshela ukuthi isifo sezinambuzane ngokushesha, okusho ukuthi singasakazeka ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuthola ukuxilongwa. Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC) kuzodingeka zivivinye izicubu zomuntu onegciwane ukuze ziqinisekise isibungu. Icala elilodwa eliqinisekisiwe, noma kuphi emhlabeni, lingadala isimo esiphuthumayo sezempilo emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukwelapha
Ayikho ukwelashwa nge-seki ngayinye. Umgomo wokuvimbela umkhuhlane wezinambuzane uvimbela abantu ekutholeni isibungu futhi angasetshenziswa uma kwenzeka ukuqhuma. Uma uthola igciwane lesibungu lesikhuhlane phakathi kwezinsuku ezintathu lapho uthola igciwane, umuthi wokugoma ungakuvimbela ukuba uthole isikhuhlane sezinambuzane. Uma wenza namanje uhlakulele ukutheleleka, kungase kube nzima kakhulu. Uma uthola umgomo esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezine kuya kweziyisikhombisa ngemuva kokuchayeka, cishe kuzokunika ukuvikeleka futhi futhi, kungenza ukuthi ukutheleleka kube nzima kakhulu. Uma ukuqhuma sekuqalile, lo mgomo ngeke ube usizo.
Imithi yokuvimbela imithi ingase ibe nendawo ekunakekeleni isikhukhumba, kepha lokhu kuhlale kungacacile njengamanje. Ukwelashwa cishe kuzokwenza ukuthi uhlale ukhululekile, uqiniseke ukuthi uhlala u-hydrated, futhi uphatha noma yiziphi izimpawu noma izinkinga ezingase ziholele, njengokunika ama-antibiotic ngenxa yokutheleleka kwebhaktheriya.
Izwi elivela
Umlando wokukhuphuka nokuwa kwesibungu sezinambuzane yindaba yokuphumelela kwezokwelapha zanamuhla kanye nempilo yomphakathi. Nakuba cishe zonke izinqolobane ezaziwayo ze-variola virus zabhujiswa lapho isikhukhukhukazi sisakazwa sichithwa, igciwane le-variola ligcinwa ezindaweni ezimbili ngenjongo yokucwaninga-eyodwa kwi-CDC e-Atlanta, eGeorgia, nesinye esikhungweni seRussia State for Research on Virology kanye I-Biotechnology e-Russian Federation. Ngokusho kwe-CDC, kungenzeka kodwa kungenakwenzeka ukuthi i-variola virus ingasetshenziswa ekuhlaselweni kwe-bioterrorist, ngakho-ke kukhona uhlelo olwenzekayo lapho kwenzeka isimo esiphuthumayo sezinambuzane. Isibonelo, kunomuthi wokugoma we-smallpox okwanele otholakala ukugoma wonke umuntu oyedwa e-United States kufanele kube nokuqhuma kwesibhukela noma ukuhlasela.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). Isikhumba. Kubuyekezwe ku-Julayi 12, 2017.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). Isikhumba: Ukuvimbela Nokunakekelwa. Kubuyekezwe ngo-Juni 7, 2016.
> Abasebenzi beMayo Clinic. Isikhumba. I-Mayo Clinic. Kubuyekezwe ngo-July 26, 2017.
> I-World Health Organization (WHO). Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa kanye nezimpendulo kwi-Smallpox. Kubuyekezwe ngo-Juni 28, 2016.