Izizwe eziningana zicabangela izimiso zazo
Kusukela ngo-2014 kuya ku-2018, igunya lika-ACA ngabanye labeka inhlawulo kubantu abangenawo umshuwalense wezempilo, ngaphandle uma bekwazi ukuthola ukukhishwa kwesigwebo (futhi yebo, isigwebo sisasebenza uma ungaqinisekisiwe ngo-2018 ).
Kodwa kusukela ngoJanuwari 2019, isijeziso sezwe sokungaqinisekisiwe kuzoba ngu-$ 0. Lokho kuguqulwa kwenzelwe njengengxenye yeNtela YokuThutha neMisebenzi, eyasayinwa ngomthetho ngoDisemba 2017.
Lokhu kungaba yizindaba ezinhle kubantu abaye bahlaselwa ngesigwebo eminyakeni eyandulela futhi bahlele ukuqhubeka bangaqinisekisiwe, kodwa kunguquko engase iholele emahoyisini aphakeme emakethe yomshwalense ngamunye nabamanye amazwe baseMelika abangaqinisekisiwe.
Ihhovisi le-Congressional Budget lilinganisela ukuthi amaphrimiyamu emakethe ngayinye ayoba ngamaphesenti angu-10 aphezulu kunokuba ayengaba khona uma ngabe igunya lomuntu ngamunye lihlale likhona, nokuthi abantu abathathu abayizimbalwa bazothola ukukhangiswa kumakethe yomshuwalense ngamunye (okungewona iqembu) 2019. Ukunciphisa inani labantu abanomsebenzi ngamunye wokuthengisa emakethe kulindeleke ukuthi lenyuke kuze kube yizigidi eziyisihlanu ngo-2021-ingxenye enkulu yemakethe, okwamanje inabantu abangaba ngu-15-17 kuphela ababhalisile ekubhalweni.
Abantu abangase basuke emakethe yibo abaphilile futhi bancane, ngoba abagulayo, abantu asebekhulile bavame ukubona ukubaluleka kokubambisana komshuwalense wezempilo.
Ukuphuma kwezingane ezincane, ezinobhalisiwe ezinempilo yiyona ndlela i-premiums elandelwayo yokwandisa. Kulabo abafanelekela ukukhokhelwa kwe- premium , le mali izokhula ukuze ihambisane nama-premium, ivimbela ukufa nokuvundisa futhi ukugcina imakethe ifinyeleleke. Kodwa kubantu abangatholi izinsizakalo ze-premium, ukukhokhelwa kuzoqhubeka nokubiza kakhulu.
Amazwe Cabanga Amamandithi Omunye Wokuqinisa Amakethe Awo
Ngomzamo wokunciphisa ukwanda kwe-premium ne-spike ezingeni elingavunyelwe, izifunda eziningana ziye zacubungula izigunyazo zomuntu ngamunye. Abanye-abachazwe kamuva kulesi sihloko-bangase baqede izigunyaziso zokusebenzisa ngo-2020 noma ngaphesheya. Kodwa izikhulu ezimbalwa zingase zisebenzise izigunyazo ezizosebenza uma nje isigwebo sesigunyaziso sikahulumeni siphelile ekupheleni kuka-2018.
EMassachusetts
I-Massachusetts isivele inegunya lokuzikhethela, elidlule i-ACA. Uhulumeni wasebenzisa igunya ngonyaka ka-2006, futhi selilokhu likhona kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa kusukela ngonyaka ka-2014 kuya ku-2018, izigwegwe zomuntu ezenziwa yi-federal ziye zasuswa esikhwameni sombuso, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamizi zaseMassachusetts akuzange zikhokhe izigwegwe ezimbili zokungaqinisekisiwe. Futhi eMassachusetts, isijeziso sisebenza kuphela kubantu abadala, kanti ngaphansi kwe-ACA, imindeni nayo kufanele ikhokhele inhlawulo yokuba nezingane ezingagciniwe. Kusukela ngonyaka wentela ka-2019 (ukubuyiswa okufakwe ekuqaleni kwawo-2020), iMassachusetts izobe imane imise isigwebo sombuso esivele sikhona, kodwa ngeke kube yisigwebo esiphezulu sokukhipha isigwebo sombuso.
Isifunda saseColombia
NgoFebruwari 2018, ibhodi labaqondisi bomshuwalense wezempilo i-DC livumelane ngokuvumelana ngokuvumelana nesinqumo esincoma igunya lomuntu ngamunye eDkt, nakuba umkhandlu wedolobha unomqondo wokugcina. Uma umkhandlu wedolobha uvumelana nencomo yokushintshaniswa kwezimali, i-DC izoba negunya lomuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlawulo ehambisanayo ezofana nezindlela eziningi zegunya lika ACA, kodwa ngezinye izimo eziyinhloko ukuze zihambisane nezidingo zika DC .
UMeya weDemocratic Alliance, uMuriel Bowser, wavula uMhlahlandlela Wonyaka Wezimali Ohlongozwayo ka-2019 ngo-March 2018, okubandakanya u-R1,1 million wezigidi ukuxhasa ukugunyazwa komuntu ngamunye kuDkt.
Imali izobheka izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, ukulungiswa kwikhodi yentela kaDkt, kanye nomkhankaso wolwazi lomphakathi mayelana negunya lomuntu wendawo, kanye nezinye izindleko ezidingekayo. Umkhandlu wedolobha uzobheka isabelomali sikaMeya uBowser ngo- Ephreli noMeyi 2018 .
Esikhathini esidlule, iCongress yavuma ukwamukela amabhajethi wedolobha ngemuva kokuba umkhandlu wedolobha ubamukele, kodwa leyo mithetho yashintshwa ngo-2013, futhi umkhandlu wedolobha laseDkt uchaza ukuthi "iCongress noma izinkantolo azithathile ukukhalaza noma ukuguqula" izichibiyelo ezivumela DC ukudala isabelomali sayo ngaphandle kwemvume ye-Congressional.
I-Hawaii
I-Hawaii Senate yadlula i-SB2924 ngo-March 2018 ngokuvotela kuka-24-1, futhi lesi sikweletu sineNdlu. I-SH2924 izobe isebenzise igunya lomuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlawulo ehlobene eHawaii, kusukela ngo-2019.
Ukusetshenziswa kwegunya, okubandakanya ukukhululwa, kuzokufakazela ngokucacile igunya lika-ACA, kodwa inani lesigwebo alichazwanga emthethweni-iphuzu uMnyango Wezezimali waseHawaii uke wabukeza ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokufakazela ngesikweletu.
UMnyango Wezezimali uye wabonisa "ukukhathazeka ngekhono layo lokuphatha kahle lesi sinxephezelo," njengoba "uMnyango awuyona isazi sempilo yomshuwalense wezempilo," futhi ukhuthaza ukuthi uma uhulumeni enza isicelo nokujeziswa, umuntu wesithathu (okungukuthi, hhayi uMnyango Wezezimali WamaHawaii) kufanele ube nesibopho sokunquma ukuthi abafaki bentela banomsebenzi wokukhokhela imali.
Vermont
Abameli beNdlu yabameli beVermont badlulisa i-H696 ngo-March 2018, befuna ukugunyazwa ngabanye kuhulumeni kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2019. Ekuqaleni, lo mthetho wachaza imininingwane ecacisiwe yesigwebo esingafaka isicelo (ikakhulukazi esifana nesijeziso se-ACA sokuba uninsuredured), kodwa lo mthethosivivinywa wabuye wavuselelwa ukuze ususe lezo zinkampani.
Esikhundleni salokho, uhlobo lomthethosivivinywa owadlulela eNdlu luzobeka igunya lomuntu ngabanye ngo-2019 kodwa lushiya imininingwane ecacile yesigwebo esisebenza eqenjini elisebenzayo elizokwaziswa ngokubaluleka kahle ukuthi igunya kumele linikezwe futhi liqaliswe kanjani. Iqembu elisebenzayo lizoqala ukuhlangana ngoJulayi 2018 futhi lizoletha umbiko wokugcina kubomthetho ngaphambi kukaNovemba 1, 2018.
I-Senate, kodwa, yabonisa ukukhathazeka ngombono wokubeka igunya lomuntu ngamunye kusukela ngoJanuwari 2019, ngaphandle kwesithombe esicacile sokuthi umyalelo uzosetshenziswa kanjani futhi uphoqelelwe. Ngakho iSenate yadlulisa inguqulo yesikweletu futhi usuku olusebenzayo lususiwe. Uhlelo lwabo ukuvumela iqembu elisebenzayo ukuba ligcwalise umbiko wabo, kanye nabomthetho ukucubungula umbiko ngesikhathi sesimiso sezomthetho sika-2019. INdlu ayivumelananga ne-Senate version, kodwa-ke, ngakho-ke umthethosivivinywa usuhambele ekomidini lekomidi elisebenza ngokuphumelela.
E-New Jersey
Abameli bomthetho baseNew Jersey badlulisela umthetho (SB1877 no-A3380) esimisweni sokwazisa sika-2018 sokusebenzisa igunya lomuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlawulo ehambisanayo eNew Jersey, kusukela ngo-2019.
I-A3380 idlule uMkhandlu ngokuvotela ama-50-23, futhi yadlulisela iSanate ngevoti engu-22-13, maphakathi no-Ephreli. Ecabanga ukuthi uMbusi uPhilphy Mphyla usayine umthetho, umthetho weNew Jersey uzoba negunya elilodwa kusukela ngo-2019, kuhlanganise nesigwebo esisebenzisa iziqondiso ezifanayo ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziselwa isijeziso se-ACA. Izijeziso ezinkulu eNew Jersey zizofana nezindleko ezijwayelekile zesimiso se-bronze eNew Jersey, nokho, kunokuba kusetshenziswe izindleko zesilinganiso se-bronze kuzwelonke.
Ukusekelwa komphakathi kwe-ACA kunamandla e-New Jersey, kodwa abangaphezu kwesigamu sezakhamuzi ezivotshweyo baphikisana nombono wesigunyazo somuntu siqu esivela kuhulumeni ngo-2017. Ukusekelwa kwegunya kunyuke, kodwa-ke, njengoba abantu bekwaziswa ngendlela igunya kusiza ukuvimbela ukhetho olubi nokuqinisa imakethe yomshuwalense.
Izizwe Ezibhekwa Njengamagunya Kodwa Akazange Aphumelele
Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zacubungula ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu angaphansi kwesigunyazwe, kepha ukuqaliswa kungenzeka kube ngaphezu kuka-2019, ngokusekelwe esikhathini esibekiwe somthetho kanye nezinguquko ezihlongozwayo.
Connecticut
Abomthetho be-Connecticut babhekana nezinkokhelo ezimbili ezizobe zenza umsebenzi ngamunye, kodwa ngezinqubo ezahlukene kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngo-Ephreli 2018, ukulungiswa komuntu ngamunye kuye kwasuswa kumthethosivivinywa owodwa, kanti omunye umthethosivivinywa wawungakafiki nakancane.
I-HB5039, njengoba isetshenziswe, izobe isebenzise igunya elithile ngehlawulo encane encane kunesijeziso se-ACA. Kungaba yizinga elingaphezulu kwamaphesenti amabili emali engenayo yomndeni noma i-$ 500 umuntu omdala ongaqinisekisiwe, engenakho isigwebo sezingane (ngokuphambene, inhlawulo ye-ACA ingaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-2.5 emali engenayo yasemakhaya noma i-$ 695 umuntu omdala ongaqinisekisiwe kanye no-$ 347.50 ngengane engaqinisekisiwe ).
Lo mthetho wawuqukethe nezinye iziphakamiso zokulungisa izinguquko zezempilo. Kodwa ikomidi leNdlu elaphothula umthethosivivinywa ngo-Ephreli 2018 lasusa isinqumo somuntu ngamunye. Kungangeniswa ngaphakathi kweNdlu, kodwa okwamanje, ayikho igunya elithile ku-HB5039.
I-HB5379 izofaka isicelo somuntu ngamunye ngesigwebo esikhulu kakhulu ukuya ku-$ 10,000-kodwa sizovumela abantu abangafaneleki ukuthola izinsizakalo ze-premium (nokuthi umshuwalense wezempilo uzodla okungenani amaphesenti angama-9.66 wemali engenayo yemindeni) ukuze ifake isigwebo i-akhawunti yokulondoloza impilo kunokuba nje uyikhokhele uhulumeni (ukongiwa kwezomnotho kanye nokusebenza kweziphakamiso kuboniswe lapha ). Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2018, lo mthethosivivinywa awuzange uphume eNdlu futhi wawufile ngempelasonto ka-2018. Kodwa lokho okushiwoyo komthetho kuyathandeka ngokuthi yiyona igunya eliqine kakhulu lomuntu ngamunye ukuthi yikuphi izwe eliye lacubungula.
Ukucacisa, isigwebo se-ACA somuntu ngamunye singase sibe ngaphezu kuka-R16,320 emndenini wabantu abahlanu noma ngaphezulu abangazange baqinisekiswe ngo-2017, futhi leyo nhlawulo yesigwebo izobe iphakeme nakakhulu ngo-2018 ngoba ihlanganiswe nezindleko ezijwayelekile zesimiso sebhedu, elikhule minyaka yonke. Kodwa kungavamile kakhulu ukuthi umndeni ukhokhele inhlawulo yalowo usayizi ngaphansi kwe-ACA. Indlu kuzodingeka izuze imali engaphezulu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-600 ukuze kufinyelelwe lelozinga lesigwebo, futhi akuyona into engavamile kumakhaya onjalo ngenzuzo engenayo umshuwalense wezempilo.
Kodwa ngaphansi kwe-Connecticut ye-HB5379, isijeziso esingu-$ 10,000 singasetshenziswa endlini ehola imali engaphezu kuka-100,000. Izijeziso ezincane zingasebenza kumakhaya anemali engenayo ephansi, kodwa izinhlawulo zizofana nezindleko zepulani eliphansi kunazo zonke zesiliva. Abantu babezokwazi ukuchitha imali ngesijeziso (futhi bangatholi lutho) noma basebenzise imali efanayo esifanisweni sesiliva ekushintsheni-noma bachitha ngisho nangaphansi futhi bathole uhlelo lwebhusi.
Esinye sezigxeko ze-ACA's sanctional penalty ngayinye yilelo ukuthi libuthakathaka, kanti inani lesigwebo liphansi kakhulu kunezindleko zokuhlinzeka ngempilo kubhalisile abangatholi izinsizakalo ezibalulekile ze-premium. I-HB5379 izoqeda isikhalazo sokukhokha inhlawulo esikhundleni sokuthenga ukuhlinzekwa kwempilo ngoba lesi sijeziso ngeke sisabize ngaphezu kokuthenga.
Omunye umthethosivivinywa, i-HB5114, owethulwe e-Connecticut ngoFebruwari 2018, udinga ukugunyazwa komuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlawulo, kepha ayihlanganisi noma yimiphi imininingwane mayelana nokuphoqelela noma ukuqaliswa kwegunya. Lowo mthetho awuzange uqhubeke nhlobo.
Maryland
Umthetho Wokuvikela Ezempilo waseMdannia we-2018 (SB1011) wethulwa ngoFebruwari 2018 nguSenat State State Brian Feldman (D, Montgomery). Umthetho udinga izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokuqiniswa kwemakethe, kuhlanganise nokugunyazwa ngabanye kusukela ngo-2019.
I-SB1011 ayizange idlule esimisweni sokwazisa sika-2018, kodwa ingabuyekezwa ngonyaka ozayo, futhi imelela indlela eyingqayizivele kumqondo womsebenzi ngamunye .
Ubukhulu besigwebo sesigwebo ngaphansi kwe-SB1011 bekuyofana nesigwebo se-ACA (okungaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-2,5 engenayo, noma u-$ 695 umuntu omdala ongeke aqinisekiswe leyo mali ngenani-nesigwebo sezinga eliphansi elihlelwe ukwenyuka kwemali ngonyaka). Kodwa ukuhlolwa kwesigwebo kuzohluka. Ngaphansi kwe-ACA, uma isigwebo sihlolwa yi-IRS, imali iqondiswa esikhwameni sikaMgcinimafa jikelele, futhi umuntu okhokhele inhlawulo ayitholi lutho.
Kodwa ngaphansi kwemigomo ehlongozwayo yombuso waseMaldinburg, umbuso uzosebenzisa inani lemali njengenhlawulo "yokukhokha" yophiko lomshuwalense wezempilo lomuntu. Uma lowo muntu afanelekele ukukhokhela imali ye-premium kanye nesibonelelo kanye nokukhokhwa / ukukhokha okungekho okuyokwanela ukumboza ngokugcwele izindleko zanoma yiziphi izinhlelo ezitholakalayo (ie, uhlelo luzoba nezinkokhelo ezengeziwe ezengeziwe), uhulumeni uzobhalisa ngokuzenzakalelayo lowo muntu Noma yikuphi uhlelo lwe-zero-premium lunikeza inani eliphakeme kunazo zonke , ngaphandle uma umuntu efuna ukuphuma ngokuqondile (uma kunjalo, isigwebo sithunyelwa esikhwameni somshuwalense jikelele wokuqinisekisa umshuwalense esikhundleni).
Uma kungekho izinhlelo zero-premium ezitholakalayo, imali evela ekukhokhweni / ukukhokhwa kwezimali kuzogcinwa kwi-akhawunti ethatha inzalo futhi umthengi angayisebenzisa ngesikhathi sokubhalisa okuvulekile okulandelayo, ukuze afake izindleko zanoma iyiphi impilo ekhona uhlelo lomshwalense. Uma lo muntu evula ukuhamba ngaphandle komshuwalense ngalesosikhathi, isigwebo sizothunyelwa esikhwameni somshuwalense jikelele wokuzinza ngemuva kokuphela kokubhaliswa okuvulekile.
Kodwa ngaphansi kwesiphakamiso sikaMalton, uhulumeni uzokwenza konke okusemandleni ukuvumela izakhamizi ezingaqinisekisiwe ukuba zisebenzise izinkokhelo zabo ezikhokhelwa izindleko zempilo yomshwalense, kunokuhlala zingagunyaziwe futhi zingatholi lutho oluqondile ngokukhokha inhlawulo.
Le ndlela iyinkimbinkimbi yokuphatha kunokufaka nje inhlawulo ekubuyiselweni kwentela engenayo nokuyiqondisa esikhwameni esijwayelekile, kodwa futhi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthuthukisa umqondo omubi ngokuvamile abantu abanomsebenzi ngamunye kanye nenhlawulo ehambisanayo, ngakho kuyindlela enye izizwe zingase zibheke esimisweni sokwazisa esizayo.
California
Abomthetho baseCalifornia baye babonisa isithakazelo ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi banikezwe igunya, kodwa abazange baqalise umthetho esimisweni sonyaka ka-2018 ukuze baqale ukusebenza. I-California Association of Plans Health iye yavuma ngokusemthethweni umqondo wokugunyazwa ngabanye , ikhuthaza umbuso ukuthi uthathe isinyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu basadingeka ukuba bahambisane ngo-2019 nangaphezulu.
Abomthetho baseCalifornia bacubungula izingxenye eziningi zomthetho ngo-2018 ozoqinisa imakethe yomshuwalense wezempilo, kodwa ukugunyazwa ngabanye akukhona phakathi kwezikweletu okwamanje ezicatshangelwayo, naphezu kokuthi uhulumeni ukhulunywe njalo ngaphambili ngo-2018 njengombuso wokubukela ngokwemigomo ukugunyazwa komuntu ngamunye.
Nakuba yisikhathi esinqunyiwe sokusungula umthetho omusha esiqeshini sika-California sika-2018 kwaba ngoFebruwari, izikweletu ezikhona zingashintshwa ukuze zifake igunya elithile, noma zingabandakanywa ohlelweni lwesabelomali. Ngakho iCalifornia isengagcina isigunyazwe ngabanye ngo-2019.
Washington
I-SB6084 izobe idale iqembu eWashington elizinikezele "ekuhloleni izinketho ekusebenziseni nasekuqiniseni izidingo ezingeni likahulumeni ukuze kugcinwe ukunakekelwa okungenani okudingekayo kwezempilo." Umthethosivivinywa udlulisele i-Washington Senate ngoFebhuwari, kepha awuhlulekile ukuqhubeka eNdlu ngesikhathi isikhathi sesishayamthetho saphela ngoMashi.
Umthetho wachaza ukuthi imakethe yomshuwalense wezempilo waseWashington yawela eminyakeni yama-1990, ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye enkulu yombuso ufuna umshuwalense wezempilo ukuba uqinisekiswe (okuwukuthi, unikezwe kungakhathaliseki isimo sezempilo) kusukela ngo-1993, kodwa akazange asebenzise lowo muntu igunya elahlelwe ukuthi lizosebenza eminyakeni eminingana kamuva.
Abomthetho bathi bafuna ukugwema ukuphindaphinda ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 eWashington, lapho izinhlelo zomakethe zodwa zingatholakali nhlobo. Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuwa kwezimakethe okugcwele, njengaseWashington okwenzeka eminyakeni yama-1990, ngeke kwenzeke ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje, njengoba izinsizakalo ze-ACAs premium zizoqhubeka nokugcina ukukhokhela okungabizi kubhalisile abaningi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ababhalisile abanempilo bahlala emakethe noma cha. Ukuphepha ngeke kube khona okungabizi kubantu abangakufanelekeli ukuthola izinsizakalo ze-premium, kodwa kukhona abathengi abancedayo ngokwanele kuwo wonke amazwe ukuze kugcinwe imakethe ngayinye.
Yini Ongayilindela Ukuhamba Ngaphambili
Ekuqaleni kuka-2018, izindawo zokubika zazibika ukuthi izifunda eziyisishiyagalolunye noma eziyishumi zazicabangela izigunyazo ngabanye ngo-2019. Kodwa abanye babecoca kuphela ngalombono noma becabangela ukudala iqembu lokusebenza ukuze liqhubeke libheke lo mbono, kunokuletha umthetho ozokwenza ukugunyazwa ngabanye. Futhi kwezinye izimo, umthetho owawucatshangelwa ekuqaleni konyaka uwile.
Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2018, iMassachusetts inegunya elilodwa, futhi umthetho usacatshangelwa eHawaii, eVermont, DC naseNew Jersey.
I-Rhode Island iqoqe iqembu elisebenza ngokucubungula izindlela zokubhekana nokuqedwa kwesifundazwe kwesigwebo somuntu ngamunye, kanti ezinye izifunda, njengeCalifornia, zingase zixazulule lolu daba ngokubheka umthetho noma umthetho ngonyaka ka-2018.
Kodwa kunezinkinga zokungena ngemvume, kufaka phakathi ukungathandwa kwezimvume ngabanye. Kunezikhombisa eziyisikhombisa ezingenayo intela yentela, kanti nakuba iWashington kuphela yilabo abaye bacabangela noma yiluphi uhlobo lwegunya elithile, ukwenza kanjalo ngaphandle kohlelo lokukhokhiswa kwentela kungadinga inqubo yokuphatha ehlukile kuneyasetshenziswa nguhulumeni wesifundazwe ngo-2018.
Okwamanje, izakhamuzi zaseMassachusetts kuzodingeka zigcine ukufakwa ngo-2019 noma zizobhekana nesigwebo. Futhi kungenzeka ukuthi izakhamuzi kwezinye izindawo ezimbalwa zingase zibhekane nezinhlawulo ngokungaqinisekisiwe. Nokho, eningi lezwe, isigwebo somuntu ngamunye singenakwenzeka ngo-2019, nakuba lokho kungashintsha eminyakeni ezayo.
> Imithombo:
> Ihhovisi le-Budget ye-Congressional. Ukuphinda umgomo ngamunye: Ukubuyekezwa okulinganisiwe . Novemba 2017 .
> Isevisi yangaphakathi yeNgeniso. Inqubo Yokuthola Imali 2017-48 .
> Mass.gov. Ulwazi Lokukhishwa Kwezobuchwepheshe. > I-TIR 18-2: Izigwegwe Zomuntu Ngomunye Wonyaka Wentela 2018. Ngo-February 13, 2018.
> Scott Morton, Fiona M (Uprofesa wezoMnotho weTheodore Nierenberg), Yale School of Management. Inkokhelo Yomthwalo Wezempilo E-Connecticut Individual . NgoFebhuwari 5, 2018.