Izinhlelo zezempilo zabafundi zisaseduze, kodwa i-ACA isishintshile
Sekuyisikhathi eside izinhlelo zezempilo zabafundi zitholakala njengendlela eya kubafundi basekolishi ukuthola ukuthola umshuwalense wezempilo. Abafundi abaningi bahlanganiswa ngaphansi kohlelo lwezempilo lomzali, kodwa ngokomlando, cishe amaphesenti angu-20 abafundi basekolishi ayengaqinisekisiwe. I-Care Affordable Care Act yenza ukuthi ukufinyeleleka kufinyeleleke kalula kubafundi futhi sekuguqule izinhlelo zomshuwalense wezempilo ezinikezwa amanyuvesi.
Nakhu okudingeka ukwazi:
Izinhlelo ze-inshuwalense zempilo yezingane kufanele zihambisane ngokugcwele nezidingo zezimakethe ze-ACA (kodwa kunezinye izinto ezingencane, ezixoxwe ngezansi). Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumele bahlose izinzuzo zezempilo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kwama-maximums wenzuzo yonyaka noma yokuphila (ukuvinjelwa kwemingcele yokuhlomula kusebenze kamuva ngezinhlelo zempilo zabafundi kunezo zonke ezinye izimakethe kodwa kwaze kwaba khona ngo-2014), futhi ngonyaka izindleko ze-pocket zifakiwe .
Ama-pre-ACA, ama-maximum aphansi nonyaka okuzuzwayo okuzuzwayo ayevamile kwizinhlelo zempilo zabafundi. U-Arijit Guha, owake wafa ngo-2013, wayenomsebenzi wezempilo wesifundazwe e-Arizona State University enezigidi ezingu-$ 300,000 zokuphila esikhathini esiphezulu, ahlangana naye ngokushesha kakhulu ekwelapheni kwakhe. Izimo ezinjengeGuha azikatholakali, njengoba uhlelo lwezempilo lomfundi alukwazi ukufaka inani lemali abazoyikhokhela izinzuzo zezempilo ezibalulekile.
Ku- 2017 Izinzuzo Nezikhawulelo Zokukhokha , i-HHS yacacisa izici ezimbili ze-ACA ezingasebenzi kumacebo ezempilo umfundi:
- Izinhlelo zezempilo zabafundi akudingeki zihlanganiswe nasesitokisini somuntu oyedwa ongasithatha isingozi esifundazweni, futhi lowo othintekayo kufanele ahlangane namachibi amabi azo zonke izinhlelo zakhe zempilo zomfundi esifundazweni. Uhlelo lwezempilo lomfundi lwesikole lungaba nenhlanzi yalo siqu, noma luhlukaniswe ngendlela engaxhomeki esimweni sezempilo (isb., Abafundi abaphothule iziqu bangase babe kwelinye elibi lomkhumbi kanye nabangaphansi kwesinye isimo).
- Ngeminyaka yenqubomgomo kusukela ngomhla ka-1 ku-1 Julayi 2016 noma ngemuva kwezinhlelo zempilo zomfundi akudingeki zivumelane nendawo emincane ye-actuarial (AV) echazwe yi-ACA (okungukuthi, izinhlelo zethusi zine-AV phakathi kwamaphesenti angu-58 no-62, izinhlelo zesiliva zine-AV phakathi kwamaphesenti angu-68 no-72, njll). Esikhundleni salokho, kumele nje babe ne-AV engenani elingama-60 (ikhava okungenani amaphesenti angama-60 wezindleko ezijwayelekile), kodwa i-AV yabo ingaba yinombolo ephakathi kuka-60 no-100, kunokuba idinga ukulingana namaqembu we-AV achazwe ngamapulani wezinga lesimbi i-ACA.
2. Amakholeji namayunivesithi anganikeza izinhlelo zomshuwalense wezempilo womfundi kodwa akudingeki ukuba enze kanjalo (phawula ukuthi kudingeka banikeze umshuwalense wezempilo eqenjini kubasebenzi babo - kodwa hhayi abafundi babo - uma benabasebenzi abalingana nesikhathi esigcwele abangu-50 noma ngaphezulu) . Ngo-2007-2008, izinhlelo zezempilo zabafundi zanikezwa ngamaphesenti angu-57 amakholeji , nakuba lokho kwaqhuma ngamaphesenti angu-82 uma sicabangela kuphela izikole zomphakathi ezine.
Manje ukuthi i-ACA idale ezinye izindlela eziningi zabafundi ukuthola umshuwalense wezempilo - futhi lenyushele intengo yomshuwalense wezempilo womfundi ngenxa yezigunyaziso ezisebenza ekuthengisweni - ezinye izikole ziye zanquma ukuyeka ukunikeza izinhlelo zomshuwalense wezempilo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izikole ezikhethile ukuyeka ukunikeza umshwalense wezempilo womfundi ngenxa yezimfuneko ze-ACA ukuthi izinhlelo zezempilo kufanele zimboze ukuvimbela imithi.
3. Ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zempilo zabafundi ezinikezwa izikole, kunezinye izindlela eziningi abafundi abangazithola umshuwalense wezempilo , eziningi zazo ezithuthukisiwe yi-ACA:
- Abantu abadala bayavunyelwa ukuhlala ohlelweni lomshuwalense wezempilo kuze kube yilapho beba ngu-26 (lokhu kusebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi basesikoleni). Abafundi abaningi, lesi yisisombululo esihle, kodwa kukhona ezinye izikhalazo zokuqonda: Uhlelo lomzali aludingeki ukumboza izinzuzo zokubeletha kwabathembele, futhi uhlelo lomzali lungase lungabandakanyi abahlinzeki benethiwekhi endaweni lapho umfundi eya esikoleni. Kanti futhi, kuye ngokuthi umzali ukhokhela kangakanani imali ekhokhelwa imali ngemuva kokunikezwa komqashi, kungase kube nemali engcono kakhulu emndenini ukuba umfundi athenge umshuwalense wezempilo ngamunye noma abhalise ohlelweni lwezempilo lomfundi. Akukho ukulingana komuntu oyedwa-yonke impendulo.
- Ukufaneleka kwe-Medicaid kunwetshiwe ngaphansi kwe-ACA , futhi kuthiwa abangu-30 kanye no-DC (futhi maduzane, eLouisana) basebenzise imihlahlandlela emisha yokufaneleka. Kulawo mazwe, ukutholakala kwezimali kuyatholakala ngemali engenayo yasemakhaya kuze kube ngu-138% wezinga lobuphofu, okuyi $ 16,394 ngo-2016 kumuntu oyedwa. Uma abazali bakho bethi unokwethenjelwa, noma kunjalo, imali yabo engenayo izocatshangelwa futhi ukuze kunqunywe ukufaneleka (kuleso simo, usayizi wendawo yonke uzosekelwe kwinani labantu abakubiza ngokubuyisela intela).
- Izinsizakalo ze-premium zokunciphisa izindleko zomshwalense wezempilo ngamunye ziyatholakala kuwo wonke amazwe, ngokusebenzisa ukushintshaniswa (inothi ukuthi izinsizakalo ezingasetshenziselwa ukuthenga umshwalense wezempilo umfundi owanikwa ezikoleni). Ukufaneleka kokuxhaswa kuncike ekutholeni imali yomfakisicelo. Abafundi bayakufanelekela ukuthola izinsizakalo (becabanga ukuthi bafanelekile ngokusekelwe engenayo) kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikole sabo sinikeza umshwalense wezempilo womfundi . Ukuxhaswa kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izindleko zesiqephu sesiliva azikho ngaphezu kwephesenti elinqunyiwe lemali engenayo yomndeni wesicelo. Ukuxhaswa kutholakala kubafakizicelo abangafaneleki eMedicaid futhi abanemali okungenani ngamaphesenti angu-100 obukhulu bobuphofu, kodwa abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-400 ezingeni lobuphofu (ukuhlinzekela ngo-2016, imiyalelo yezinga lobuphofu ngo-2015). Njengokufaneleka kweMedicaid, imali engenayo yabafundi yomndeni ihlanganisa imali engenayo yomndeni uma umfundi ebalwa njengokwemali yentela.
- Abaqashi abanezisebenzi ezilinganayo zesikhathi esigcwele ezingama-50 noma ngaphezulu kudingeka banikeze umshuwalense wezempilo ongenakuthola ngesikhathi sabo esigcwele (okungenani amahora angu-30 ngesonto) , noma bakhokhele inhlawulo. Ngakho-ke, kubafundi basekolishi abasebenzela isikhathi esigcwele umqashi omkhulu, umshuwalense wezempilo cishe uyawunikezwa abaqashi babo .
4. Ezinye izinhlelo zezempilo ezithengiswa kubafundi azihambisani ne-ACA . Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinhlelo zesikhathi esifushane nezinhlelo zokwehliswa kwezidakamizwa . Kungenxa yokuthi izinto zokukhangisa zepulani zithi kufanelekile abafundi abazenza uhlelo lwezempilo lomfundi.
5. Umshuwalense wezempilo womfundi awubhekwa njengelungu le-inshuwalense yezempilo, futhi lokhu kuthinta abafundi abaqeqeshwe iziqu ezithola imali yokukhokhela imali yomshuwalense wezempilo . Ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2014 (kodwa kamuva yabambezeleka kuze kufike ngo-2015 ), abaqashi abavunyelwe ukubuyiselwa abasebenzi ngabakhokhemende bomshwalense ngamunye. Imayunivesithi ngokucacile ayivunyelwe ukukhokhela izinkokhelo ze-inshuwalense zempilo yabasebenzi kubasebenzi bazo besikhathi esigcwele (ngoba izinhlelo zezempilo zabafundi azibhekwa njengesiqephu seqembu), kodwa kwakukhona ukudideka ngokuthi lokhu kusebenza kanjani ngokuqondene nabafundi abasebenza futhi esikoleni.
Amanyuvesi amaningi ahlinzeka abafundi (ngokuvamile abafundi abaphothule iziqu), kanti abafundi bafundisa njengabasizi bezosiza nabacwaningi. Ngaphandle kokubuyisela izikole nokukhokha izindleko zokuphila, kubuye kuvame ukuba amanyuvesi akhokhe konke noma ingxenye yesikhwama somfundi esikoleni esiphakeme ngaphansi kohlelo lwezempilo lomfundi. Ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo evimbela ukukhokhelwa kwabaqashi ngabakhokheli ngabanye, inhlawulo yokungahambisani nokukhokha imali engu-$ 100 ngosuku, isisebenzi ngasinye (okungukuthi, kuze kufike ku-$ 36,500 ngonyaka, ngomsebenzi ngamunye).
Ngokusobala, lo mbuzo uba ukuthi noma ngabe yini abasizi bezocwaningo abaphothulile kanye nabasizi abaqeqeshwe iziqu abayisisebenzi, nokuthi ngabe i-yunivesithi isebenza yini ngokuvinjelwa ekubuyiseleni ama-premium omsebenzi wesikhwama sempilo yomshuwalense wezempilo ngokukhokhela ingxenye yezinkokhelo zabafundi. Ngo-February 2016, i-IRS yashicilela isaziso sika-2016-17 , esinikeza ukusizwa kwesikhashana emayunivesithi akhokhela izinkokhelo zemishwalense yempilo yabafundi egameni labafundi abaphothule futhi abasebenza esikoleni. Ngeminyaka yokuhlela eqala ngaphambi kukaJanuwari 1, 2017, i-IRS ngeke isithathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nesikole esisebenzisa lolu hlobo lwelungiselelo (ngakho ngonyaka wepulani olandela ikhalenda yonyaka wezifundo ka-2016-2017 uzobe uhambisana nanoma ngabe isikole sibuyisela amaprimiyamu omshwalense wezempilo womfundi).