Kusoze uzibuze ukuthi yini eyenziwa yi-pulmonologist? Kuthiwani nge-oncologist?
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zodokotela zenza izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi udokotela womndeni akaqeqeshwe ukwenza ukufakelwa kwenhliziyo. Kodwa-ke, yini ngempela eyenziwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zodokotela, futhi yiziphi izimo abavame ukuziphatha?
Ake sibuke izici eziningana ezihlukene kanye nama-subspecialties. Sizoqala kuqala ngokubukeka odokotela abakhulu ekunakekeleni okuyinhloko bese sizobheka ezinye izindawo.
Okuningi kwalolu lwazi lusekelwe kumawebhusayithi e-association abamele laba odokotela. Uma kuwukuhlakanipha, izixhumanisi zizohlinzekwa ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngalezi zinsimu.
Inhloso yalesi sihloko akuyona ukuhlinzekela ngokugcwele. Esikhundleni salokho, lesi sihloko kufanele sikwazi ukukunika amandla njengesiguli futhi sikusize ukuba uthathe imithi efakazela imithi. Ngokuqonda ukuthi ezinye izazi ezivame kakhulu kanye nabangaphansi kwe-subspecialists, ungakuqonda kangcono ukunakekelwa owutholayo kanye nemithwalo yemithwalo yemithwalo yemithwalo yemithwalo yemithwalo yemithwalo yokwelapha.
Udokotela oPhezulu
Udokotela wokunakekela oyinhloko iphuzu lokuxhumana kuqala.Leli qembu lezinto ezikhethekile lihlanganisa imithi yomndeni, imithi yangaphakathi, kanye nokwelashwa. Odokotela bokunakekelwa okuyisisekelo baphatha iziguli ngezinto ezingekho "ukungabikho kahle" kwezempilo futhi kumele baxilonge iziguli ngokusekelwe ezimpawu, izimpawu, nomlando womtholampilo.
Ububanzi bemithi yokunakekelwa okuyisisekelo bubanzi futhi buhilela noma yiluphi uhlelo lwesitho noma ukuxilongwa kanye nanoma yiziphi ezinye izindaba eziphilayo, ezingokwengqondo, noma ezenhlalakahle.
Ngokusho kwe-American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), nansi imithwalo yemithwalo yempilo yokwelapha oyinhloko:
- ukuvimbela izifo
- ukukhuthazwa kwezempilo
- ukululekwa
- imfundo yesineke
- ukugcinwa kwezempilo
- ukuxilongwa nokuphathwa kwezifo ezinzima nezihlala njalo
- ukuhlinzekwa kokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezilungiselelweni ezihlukahlukene, njengokwelashwa (umtholampilo, ukunakekelwa kwesikhashana kanye nokunye), kanye nezilungiselelo zokwelapha (kubandakanya ukunakekelwa okubucayi)
Odokotela bokunakekelwa ngokuyinhloko bahlanganyela ngokuqhubekayo kokunakekelwa futhi babone iziguli ngesikhathi sokuphila. Ngokwemvelo, lapho umuntu omdala ebiza "udokotela" wakhe, mhlawumbe ubhekisela kudokotela wakhe wezokwelapha noma umndeni.
Uma kunesidingo, udokotela oyinhloko angayithumela isiguli kumchwepheshe futhi ngaleyo ndlela aqondise ukunakekelwa okuphumelelayo nokunzulu.
General Internist
I-internist jikelele ithatha iziguli ezikhulile. Abaqeqeshi abajwayelekile abahlengikazi basebenza odokotela abanesifo sokugula (izibhedlela) nezilungiselelo zokugula. Abanye abaqeqeshiwe basebenza ngokukhethekile ekuphatheni iziguli kuphela esibhedlela, futhi babizwa ngokuthi izibhedlela .
Ngemuva kwesikole sezokwelapha, abaqeqeshi abajwayelekile baqeda iminyaka emithathu yokuhlala noma yokuqeqesha. Ngemuva kokuhlala, laba odokotela bangazibandakanya njengabaqeqeshi abajwayelekile noma baqhubeke nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile.
Abaqeqeshi abajwayelekile bezobuchwepheshe ekuhloleni nasekulawuleni izimo ezivamile, ezihlanganisa ikhanda, isifo se-reflux se-gastroesophageal (GERD) , umfutho wegazi ophezulu, nohlobo lwesifo sikashukela sesi-2. Abaphathi bamazwe baphathe imishanguzo yezokwelapha, banikeze imithi, iziguli zeluleki ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi kanye nemiphumela emibi kanye nokuhlola imithi yokwabelana okungaba yingozi.
Nazi ezinye izici ezikhethekile, noma ubudlelwane , ukuthi abaqeqeshi bangakwazi ukuphishekela ngemuva kokuqedela ukuhlala. Ukuhlangana komuthi kwangaphakathi kwemithi kuthatha iminyaka emithathu kodwa kungaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngisho nangokwesekwa okuncane okuqhubekayo. Abafundi bamazwe angaphandle abazitholela ngokukhethekile kulezi zindawo bathola ukuvezwa okuqhubekayo kwezinye izinhlelo zomzimba noma amaqembu ezinhlelo zomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqeqeshi be-interns abasebenzisa i-subspecialize bayakufanelekela ukuphatha izinkulumo zezokwelapha eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi benze izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kulolu hlu olungezansi, ngifake amagama alawa mazinyo odokotela kuma-parentheses.
- ukungezwani komzimba kanye ne-immunology (i-allergen ne-immunologist)
- endocrinology, isifo sikashukela kanye nesimetabolism (endocrinologist)
- i-hematology noma i-blood disorders (i-hematologists)
- i-gastroenterology (i-gastroenterologist)
- i-oncology noma imithi yomdlavuza (oncologist)
- i-nephrology noma izinso ( isazi sezinzwa )
- isifo se-pulmonary noma sephaphu (i-pulmonologist) (Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kobudlelwane kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokunakekelwa okubucayi futhi umuntu osebenza esimweni sokunakekelwa okubucayi kuthiwa yi-intensivist)
- i-rheumatology noma amalunga (i-rheumatologist)
- i-cardiology noma i-heart medicine (i-cardiologist) (I-cardiology iyinkimbinkimbi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi izazi ze-cardiologists zingaqhubeka ngokukhethekile ekuhlinzekeni kwezinhliziyo, electrophysiology yezinhliziyo kanye nokwehluleka kwenhliziyo nokufakelwa isifo senhliziyo)
Udokotela Womndeni
Udokotela womndeni noma udokotela wemithi yomndeni udokotela okwazi ukuphatha wonke amalungu omndeni, kuhlanganise nezingane, izingane, intsha, abadala nabantu abadala. Odokotela bomndeni bangagcini kuphela izimo zezokwelapha jikelele kodwa futhi banesibopho sokugcinwa kwezempilo futhi bangaqondisa iziguli zabo kubaxhumanisi abafanele, izinsizakalo zezempilo kanye nemithombo yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udokotela womndeni uhlanganyela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okuvimbela, okubandakanya izinyathelo ezigxile ekuvimbeleni ukugula esikhathini esizayo. Lezi zinyathelo zingabandakanya ukuhlolwa kokuhlola, njenge-cholesterol noma ukuhlolwa kweshukela egazini, noma ukululekwa ngokulahlekelwa isisindo, ukuyeka ukubhema, ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala nokunye.
Odokotela bomndeni baphatha ukwelashwa okubanzi okuvela kwizifo eziphezulu zokuphefumula kuya esikhungweni sokutheleleka kwesifo sofuba nesifo sikashukela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, odokotela abaningi bomndeni benza izinqubo ezincane zokwelashwa eziphuthumayo ezifana nokukhipha i-abscess noma i-suture ukususwa.
Njengabaqeqeshi basekhaya, odokotela bomndeni baqeda iminyaka emithathu yokuhlala noma ukuqeqeshwa kokufunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, odokotela bemithi yomndeni bangabenza ngokukhethekile imithi yezemidlalo noma i-geriatrics (ukunakekelwa kwabantu asebekhulile). Udokotela owenza izifo ezibizwa ngokuthi i- geriatrics ubizwa ngokuthi unogesi . Okokugcina, i-geriatrics iphinde ibe yi-subspecialty yemithi yangaphakathi.
Inothi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwegama: Odokotela abaningi basemndenini bayaphakamisa igama elithi "umndeni odokotela." Lezi zithi zithi "azisebenzi" noma yini futhi ziyizichwepheshe, futhi.
Udokotela wezingane
Abahlengikazi banakekela izidingo zezempilo ezingokwengqondo, ezingqondweni, nangokwezenhlalakahle zezingane futhi baphathe iziguli lapho bekhulile. Baphinde bahlaziye futhi baphathe izifo ezinzima futhi ezingapheli futhi bahlanganyele ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okuvimbela (cabanga ukuphathwa kwemigomo kanye nokululekwa kwezempilo). Ngokufanayo ne-internist jikelele, udokotela wezingane angaba yinkantolo yezingane eziyinhloko . Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinsizakalo zezokwelapha zezingane ezisebenza ngokukhethekile emasimini ahlukene kakhulu njengokungathi i-internist ingaba nempikiswano eyinhloko yokuthi abaqeqeshi bezinsizakalo banakekelwa abadala kanye nabantwana bezingane abazinakekela izingane. Abahlengikazi baqeda iminyaka emithathu yokuhlala iminyaka eminingi yokuqeqeshwa kwe-subspecialty. Izimo ezivamile ukuthi ukwelashwa kwezingane zihlanganisa izifo ezingaphezulu zokuphefumula, izifo zezindlebe, isifo sohudo, njalonjalo.
Isiqhwaga-iGynecologist
Izifo zezinzwa zokubeletha (i-OBGYN) zizinakekela izidingo zokuzala zabesifazane. Futhi banakekela abesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokubeletha. Umkhuba wezidakamizwa kanye nomzimba wokubeletha kokubili ukwelashwa nokuhlinzeka nge-OBGYN ukwenza izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlinzwa ezifana ne- hysterectomy , noma ukususwa kwesibeletho. Ukuvimbela izifo-gynecology yindawo yokuhlala yokuhlala iminyaka emine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-OBGYN angaqhubeka ngokukhethekile emasimini afana ne-endocrinology yokubeletha, imithi yokwelashwa komama wesisu kanye ne-endocrinology yokubeletha nokuzala.
Inothi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwegama: Ukubhala i-OB-GYN njenge-OB / GYN (ene-solidus noma i-slash) idangelwa abahleli abaningi bezokwelapha. I-slash inomsebenzi ongaqondakali futhi ingasikisela ukuthi "noma ... noma" ukwakhiwa, okuyinto engeyona into ecacile ngoba eziningi ze-OB-GYN ziqhuba kokubili izithiyo nezinkinga zokubeletha.
Abahlinzayo
Ukuhlinzeka ngokujwayelekile uhlelo lokuhlala kwabantu abaneminyaka emihlanu oluqeqesha odokotela ukuxilonga nokuphatha izifo ezihlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa ukuhlinzwa. Ngemuva kokuhlala kokuhlinzwa, odokotela abahlinzayo abavamile (abahlinzayo abaqhuba ngokuqondile ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kokuhlala) ngokuvamile benza imisebenzi elandelayo:
- ukuhlinzwa komdlavuza wekolon (cabanga ukuthengiswa komzimba noma ukususa)
- ukuhlinzwa okwesibindi
- i-varicose veins
- cholecystectomy noma ukususwa kwe-gallbladder
Okuphawulayo, odokotela abahlinzayo abaqeqeshiwe baqeqeshwa ukwenza kokubili ama- laparotomi , noma ukuvulwa okuvulekile kwesigxobo esiswini, noma i- laparoscopy , ehlanganisa ukusebenzisa i-laparoscope, noma ithubhu eguquguqukayo enokukhanya ekupheleni kwayo. I-laparoscopy iyinkambiso encane encane ne-laparoscope ne-instrumentation yokuhlinza eyethulwa emzimbeni nge-incision encane nokwehla kwamandla emzimbeni wesisu.
Ngemuva kokuqedela ukuhlala, odokotela abaningi abahlinzayo baqhubeka bezokwazi ukuhlaziya. Nazi ezinye izinhlangano abahlinzayo abazoziphishekela:
- ukuhlinzwa kwezingane
- ukuhlinzwa kwe-cardiothoracic (cabanga ukuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo)
- ukuhlinzeka ngamathambo (ukuhlinzeka ngemithwalo yegazi, njengokudalwa kwe-fistula ehambisana ne-dialysis nokunye)
- ukufakelwa komzimba okuqinile
- ukuhlinzeka nge-bariatric
- ukuhlinzeka ngesandla
Ngokuvamile, umkhuba wezokwelapha ungahlukaniswa ngokubanzi zibe ama-foci amabili: imithi nokuhlinzwa. Imithi ibhekisela ezikhethekile zemithi yokwelashwa ezingenasidingo. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi izindawo ezithile zokuhlala kanye nokuhlanganyela kuncike ekuhlinzekeni okujwayelekile njengokuhlinzekwa kwe-neurosurgery kanye ne-urology.
Ama-Psychiatrists
I-Psychiatry yikhetheki sezokwelapha esigxile ekuxilongweni, ekwelapheni nasekuvinjweni kokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokukhathazeka ngokomzwelo.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi nakuba kukhona ukungafani phakathi kokusebenza okubili, izifo zengqondo kanye nezingqondo zezinqondo ziyisisebenzi esihlukile sezempilo. Ngokuqondile, izifo zengqondo zingamadokotela futhi zineziqu ze-MD noma DO.
Ukuhlala kwengqondo kuqhubeka iminyaka emine. Nazi ezinye ze-subspecialties zengqondo:
- ukulutha umlutha psychiatry
- ingane nengane yengqondo yengane
- i-psychiatry ye-geriatric
- ukunakekelwa okuqondiswe kabusha
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi i-neurologist ngudokotela ogxile ekuxilongweni nasekwelapheni izinkinga zesimiso sezinzwa. Nakuba kunezinhlangothi ezimbili phakathi kwamasimu amabili, i-neurologist igxile ezifweni eziphilayo. Isibonelo, i-neurologist inganikeza ukwelashwa kokugula okunzima njengokugula noma ukugula okungapheli njenge-multiple sclerosis noma i-dementia.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, izinsimu ze-neurology kanye nezifo zengqondo zihlanganyela esikhathini esedlule esidlulile futhi sahlukaniswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izifo eziningi ze-neurological zikhona nezimpawu zengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo zengqondo zingabonakalisa njengezifo eziphilayo ezinokwemvelo. Imvelaphi evamile yalezi zindawo ibonakala kuzo zombili izinhlobo zokuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, abanezakhamuzi zengqondo ezithola ukutholakala okunengi kwi-neurology, kanye nama-neurologists abathola ukutholakala kwezifo zengqondo, futhi. Eqinisweni, izifo zengqondo zithola isitifiketi ngokuthatha i-American Board of Psychiatry neNeurology.
Isiphetho
Ulwazi olukulesi sihloko oluchaza iziphiwo ezihlukahlukene zezokwelapha akuyona into ephelele. Iziqu eziningana kanye nama-subspecialties azange zibikwe lapha, kufaka phakathi i-radiology, imithi yokwelashwa nokuvuselelwa (PM & R), i-hematology, izifo ezithathelwanayo, njalonjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubude besikhathi sokuhlala kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanganyela kungenzeka ngezinye izikhathi zihluka. Okokugcina, kunemvume ethile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuqeqesha okuphothulile okungazange ngigxile lapha. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye odokotela benza izindawo zokuhlala ezihlangene kuzo zombili ukwelashwa kwangaphakathi kanye nezingane (Med-Peds).
Uma unemibuzo mayelana nendima kadokotela wakho, sicela ucinge amawebusayithi afanelekayo futhi ukhululeke ukubuza udokotela wakho ngesikhathi sokuvakasha. Kuhlale kuhle ukwazi ukwaziswa ngazo zonke izici zokunakekelwa kwakho kubandakanya ukuthi yini ngempela udokotela wakho akwenzayo futhi ayenze.
Imithombo:
Incazelo yodokotela wezingane. Isitatimende senqubomgomo ka-2015 esivela ku-American Academy of Pediatrics. Itholakala kusuka ku: URL: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/4/780.
Ukunakekelwa Okuyinhloko. Itholakala kusuka: URL: AAFP: http://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/primary-care.html
Okukhethekile Kokuhlinzwa Okujwayelekile Kuchazwe. Itholakala kusuka: i-URL: Ibhodi Lezokwelapha laseMelika: http://www.absurgery.org/default.jsp?absurgeryrefineddefined
Intengo BH, Adams RD, noCoyle JT. I-Neurology ne-Psychiatry: Ukuvala Ukuhlukaniswa Okukhulu. I-Neurology 2000; 54: 8-14.
Kuyini Psychiatry. Itholakala kusuka: i-URL: Association of American Psychiatric: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/what-is-psychiatry.