Ukubuyiselwa Okungajabulisi Emfundweni Yezithulu
Ayikho enye imicimbi emlandweni wemfundo yezithulu yaba nomthelela omkhulu empilweni nasekufundiseni izithulu kunomhlangano owawuseMilan ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
Sibutsetelo senkomfa yaseMilan ka-1880
Ngo-1880, kwakukhona inkomfa enkulu yezintatheli zabafundi abayizithulu okuthiwa i-Second International Congress ku-Education of the Deaf. Kule ngqungquthela, isimemezelo senziwa ukuthi imfundo yomlomo yayingcono kunezemfundo (uphawu).
Ngenxa yalokho, ulimi lwezandla ezikoleni zezithulu zavinjelwa.
Nazi izinqumo ezimbili zokuqala ezithathwe umhlangano:
- Lo Mhlangano, ucabangela ukuphakama okungenakuphikiswa kokukhulumisana ngezibonakaliso ekubuyiseleni isithulu emphakathini nokumnika ulwazi oluthe xaxa lolimi, uthi indlela yomlomo kufanele ikhetheke kulokho okwenziwe emfundweni nasekufundiseni izithulu.
- I-Convention, ngokucabangela ukuthi ukusetshenziselwa ukukhuluma kanye nezibonakaliso ngesikhathi esisodwa kunokulimaza kokulimaza nokufunda i-lip nokucacisa kwemibono, kusho ukuthi indlela ehlanzekile yomlomo kufanele ikhethwe.
Ezinye izinqumo zibhekene nezinkinga, njenge:
- Imfundo yabafundi abayizithulu abayizithulu
- Amasu okufundisa abafundi ngezithulu ngomlomo kanye nezinzuzo zesikhathi eside zale ndlela yokufundisa
- Isidingo sezincwadi zemfundo zabafundisi abayizithulu zomlomo
Ngenxa yenkomfa yaseMilan, othisha abayizithulu balahlekelwa imisebenzi yabo, ngoba kwaba khona ukwehla okujwayelekile kwabasebenzi abayizithulu, njengabalobi, abaculi, nabameli.
Futhi, ikhwalithi yokuphila nemfundo yabafundi abayizithulu yayithinte kabi.
Nokho, izindaba ezinhle ukuthi izinhlangano ezinjengeNational National of the Deaf zenyuka futhi zabusa kwabasekeli abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli waseGallaudet College wenza isinqumo esiphezulu sokugcina ulimi lwezandla esikoleni.
Ekugcineni, ngo-1970, uprofesa wesikhathi eside e-Gallaudet College, uWilliam Stokoe wamemezela ulimi lwezandla ulimi lweqiniso.
Ekugcineni, isinqumo seGallaudet College sokugcina ulimi lwezandla sabamba indima ebalulekile ekusindeni kolwimi lwezandla. Lokhu kungaphezu kwabafundi abaningi abayizithulu abasesebenzisane ngasese ngezibonakaliso ngasese, naphezu kokuvinjelwa.
Ukuvinjelwa kolimi lwezandla: Umphumela "ohleliwe"
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukuvinjelwa kolimi lwezandla kule nkomfa yomhlaba wonke eMilan kwakuwumphumela owaziwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ingqungquthela yayimelwe abantu abawaziwa ngama-oral. Umlomo okhuluma ngomlomo ngumuntu okhuthaza ukugqugquzela, okuwumkhuba wokufundisa abantu abayizithulu ukuba bakhulume ngokukhuluma noma ngokuphenya, ngokungafani nolimi lwezandla.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi i-United States neBrithani yizona kuphela amazwe aphikisana nokuvinjelwa. Ngeshwa, ukuphikiswa kwabo kwakunakiwe.
Impikiswano Yesikhathi Eside Yenkomfa YaseMilan
Ingqungquthela yaseMilan ngo-1880 ibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni oyisithulu ukuthi ihlonishwe ngezicucu zamasiko, njengomdwebo, iMilan, Italy 1880, ngomculi oyisithulu uMary Thornley. Lo mdwebo wachaza abazingeli bekhomba izibhamu zabo ezincwadini "ASL," ezimelela uLimi Lwezandla LwaseMelika.
Ngo-Okthoba 1993, iYunivesithi yaseGallaudet yaqhuba ingqungquthela ebizwa ngokuthi "Post Milan ASL kanye nokufunda isiNgisi ." Ukuqhutshwa kwengqungquthela kwakuhlanganisa inkulumo ethi "Ukuzindla eMilan ngamehlo esikhathini esizayo," ngoKatherine Jankowski.
Ngokuphindaphindiwe, omunye angasho ukuthi eminyakeni edlule kusukela olimini lwezandla nokuhlelwa kwemvelo baye bafunda ukuhlangana ngokuthula. Ngeke kube khona omunye uMilan 1880.
Izwi elivela
Ingqungquthela yaseMilan yaba yimpendulo engathandeki emlandweni womphakathi wezithulu. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ulimi lwezandla alusacindezelwe ezikoleni. Esikhundleni salokho, ulimi lwezandla luyakwamukela njengendlela ecebile futhi ekhethekile yokuxhumana.
Ngalokho, uma wena noma othandekayo enesana noma ingane eyisithulu noma eyisikhuni yokuzwa, kunezinsiza ezitholakalayo zokusiza owakho oyigugu ukuba athuthukise amakhono okuxhumana ayidingayo.
Enye imithombo ewusizo kakhulu yinhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi i-CHOICES yabazali, enganikeli nje kuphela amasu okuthuthukisa amakhono okukhulumisana kwengane yakho, kodwa futhi inikeza ukusekela, ukugqugquzela, nezinsiza ezihlukahlukene zenhlalakahle.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Sign Language Dictionary: iMilan, Italy 1880.
> Gannon, JR, Butler, J., & Gilbert, L.-J. (1981). Ifa eliyizithulu: Umlando olandayo weMatleki oyisithulu . Silver Spring, Md: I-National Association of the Deaf.
> Kushalnagar P et al. Izinsana nezingane ezinokulahlekelwa kokuzwa zidinga ukutholakala kolimi lokuqala. J Clin Ethics . Uhlobo luka-2010; 21 (2): 143-54.