Abameli kanye ne-Activism kubantu abayizithulu nabanzima bokuzwa umphakathi
Ngabe okokufaka amazwibela okuvaliwe kuqala kutholakala kuphi? Iyini umlando wolimi lwezandla? Ukuphila kule minyaka yobudala, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi izwe lalinjani esikhathini esedlule kulabo abayizithulu futhi abanzima ukuzwa. Ukuthatha isikhashana ukubona abameli abaningi abaye benza umehluko, kokubili abayizithulu nabazwayo, into okufanele sonke siyenze.
Umlando wezithulu kanye namagugu ucebile futhi ujabulise kakhulu. Abantu abafuna ukufunda ngezithulu emlandweni bangafunda ngemicimbi efana ne-Deaf President President Now movement eyenza uGallaudet University abe ngumongameli wokuqala wezithulu, ufunde mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokusiza ukuzwa, ufunde ngokubandlulula ezikoleni zezizithulu, futhi ufunde mayelana abantu abaningi emlandweni ababezithulu.
Ake sibheke abantu abambalwa, ukunyakaza, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuye benza umehluko kulabo abayizithulu noma abanzima ukuzwa.
Ukusebenzisana Nezithulu Nezinkinga Zokuzwa Umphakathi
Umphakathi oyisithulu futhi onzima wokuzwa unomlando oqinile wobushicileli. Ababili abafundi be-University of Gallaudet bahilelekile emibhikishweni, kuqala kuma-1980 kanti futhi futhi ekuqaleni kwawo-2000.
Ukuqala kokuqala, "uMongameli weDeaf Now," kubangele ukhetho lomongameli wokuqala wezithulu wase-Gallaudet University.
Ekubhikeni kwesibili, " Ubunye beGallaudet ," abafundi bavuka ngokumelene nokukhetha okungathandeki kumongameli, futhi banaka izindaba ezifundiswa eGallaudet.
Ubuchwepheshe bokusiza: Umlando kanye nobuchwepheshe
Cishe uma nje kube khona isithulu, kuye kwaba nobuchwepheshe bokusiza . Ubuchwepheshe bunikeze abantu abayizithulu nabanobunzima bokuzwa ukuthi bakwazi ukuzwa, uye wabavumela ukuba basebenzise uhlelo lwefoni, futhi benze izinhlelo zevidiyo zifinyeleleke.
Ungase ucabange ngokubhalwa kwamagama okuvaliwe kube khona kuze kube phakade, kodwa umlando wamazwibela avaliwe omncane kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe buqala ngamazwibela avuliwe ku-Chef yesiFulentshi ngo-1972, ngezwi lokuvota elivaliwe likhona kodwa lilinganiselwe kakhulu eminyakeni engama-80. Umthetho we-Telecom ka-1996 wanikezela amazwibela avaliwe, okwamanje atholakale kabanzi kubantu abayizithulu nabanzima bokuzwa.
Umlando we-cochlear implant waqala ngaphambi kwezingcaphuno ezivaliwe, kodwa futhi usemncane kakhulu. Umzamo wokuqala wokusebenzisa ugesi ukusiza ukuzwa kwaba ngo-1790. Ubuchwepheshe buye kwavela engxenyeni engaphambili yekhulu lama-20, futhi kusukela ngo-1984, akusekho ukuhlolwa. Lolu buchwepheshe luqhubeka nokuthuthukisa cishe ngesivinini somlilo.
Kusukela kumacilongo angenamahloni kuya kuma-BTE amahle, izinsiza zokuzwa ziye zashintsha ngokuphawulekayo phakathi neminyaka.
Ngokuthumela imiyalezo, i-Skype, ne-imeyili singakhohlwa ubunzima bokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezifana nabazali abayizithulu bezwa izingane. Kodwa ngaphambi kwalokhu kuthuthuka kwafika umshini wokubhala ucingo noma i-TTY . Ukushayela ibanga elide lokusebenzisa i-TTY kwenziwa ngo-1964 ngumsunguli walo, uRobert Weitbrecht.
Ukusindiswa Kwezomnotho Kwalabo abangezithulu nabanzima bokuzwa umphakathi
Ukusinda komnotho emphakathini oyisithulu futhi onzima wokuzwa kuye kwaba nezinselelo kulo lonke umlando.
Isibonelo, ekuKhukhuleni Okukhulu Kwema-1930, abantu abayizithulu babebhekene nezinselele ezifana nokuzwa abantu, kodwa ngaphezulu. Labo ababehlala ngaleso sikhathi bangase bakhumbule "abathengisi abayizithulu." Labo ababeyizithulu noma abanzima ukuzwa babezokwenza abantu banikeze ikhadi lezinhlamvu ngokushintshanisa imali.
Imfundo Engenalutho
Imfundo eyizithulu e-United States inomlando omude, ibuyele emuva ekhulwini le-19.
Mhlawumbe umthelela omkhulu emqondweni omubi kwakunguMilan 1880 . Kule ngqungquthela yomhlaba wonke yabafundisi abayizithulu, isinqumo sidluliselwa ekuvinjeni ulimi lwezandla. Amazwe kuphela ngaleso sikhathi ayephikisana nokuvinjelwa kwakuyi-United States ne-Great Britain.
Ukubandlululwa ezikoleni zezizithulu kwakuyinselele. Njengoba nje izikole zomphakathi zahlukaniswa, abafundi abamnyama abayizithulu babengenakukwazi ukuya emakilasini nabafundi abamhlophe abayizithulu, ngisho nasesikoleni esifanayo.
Akuwona wonke umlando, noma kunjalo, awunamanga kakhulu. Thatha umzuzwana ukuguqula umlando we-University of Gallaudet ukubona ukuthi ukuthobeka okuthobekile emfundweni eyisithulu kwanda kanjani.
Imidiya nokuzwa
Njengawobuchwepheshe kanye nemfundo, indima yabamemezeli ezithulu kanye nomphakathi onzima wokuzwa uye wenza izinyathelo ezinkulu. Izitatimende ezingenalwazi nezindlebe zokuzwa kanye nemithombo yezindaba zanda, kusukela ekuqaleni kwezindaba "Zama-Silent News".
Abalingiswa abayizithulu (uma kungenjalo abadlali abayizizithulu) bebebukela kuthelevishini amashumi eminyaka. Kuye kwaba nokuzama ngisho nokuba neziteshi zezitfombe zezithulu . Namuhla, i-intanethi ishintshile konke futhi yenza ukuthi umphakathi ongenithulu ube nesilinganiso samanje sesiteshi sezitfombe esithulu.
Abantu abasemlandweni wezithulu
Abantu abaningi abayizithulu nabanzima bokuzwa, nabanye abantu abazwayo, benze iminikelo enkulu emlandweni oyisithulu. Ingabe bewazi ukuthi umuntu oyisithulu ulandela lawo makhukhi amnandi ama-Girl Scout owajabulela minyaka yonke? Noma ukuthi owesifazane oyisithulu wayengumlobi wezangekhulu le-19? Kusuka kuHelen Kellier, kuThomas Edison, kuLaura Redden Searing, nokuningi, funda ngabantu abathile emlandweni oyisithulu .
Ulwimi lwezandla
Ngokuvamile abafundi bafuna ukwazi umlando wolimi lwezandla . Kwaba njani? Ngesikhathi umfundisi osisithulu u-Abbe de l "Epee waseFrance evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukhuluma ngelimi lokuqala lolimi lwezandla olwakhiwa ngolimi lwezandla lwaseMelika (ASL,) izimpande empeleni zibuyela emuva kwesinye isiFulentshi, umbhali oyisithulu u-Pierre Desloges.
Futhi, bewazi ukuthi kwakukhona idolobha lapho abantu abaningi bezithulu khona ukuthi bonke abantu abazwayo bafunda ulimi lwezandla? Ekhulwini le-19, abantu abahlala eMvinini WaseMarta babengase babe yisithulu njengoba bezwa.
Izikhathi Eziphazamisayo Emlandweni Wezithulu
Ngeshwa, esikhathini esidlule, isithulu bevame ukuphutha ngenxa yokuphuza kwengqondo futhi abantu babevame ukuhlelwa ngemiphumela emibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba yisithulu ngesikhathi sokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kwakuvame ukuba isigwebo sokufa, noma ngabe wawungewona umJuda.
Ngezansi Emlandweni Wezithulu Namagugu
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ekuqaleni, umlando oyisithulu namagugu ucebile futhi ahlukahlukene. Kusuka kwezobuchwepheshe, emfundweni, ezokuxhumana nakakhulu, inqubekelaphambili inciphisa umthelela wezithulu kubantu ngabanye emhlabeni wonke. Ngenkathi sisenesikhathi eside sokuhamba, ukuqhubekela phambili nokuqhubeka nokuqonda okukhulu kwezizithulu nokuzwa okunzima komphakathi kwenza umehluko ngezindlela eziningi kangaka.
> Imithombo:
> I-National Association of the Deaf. NAD Umlando. https://www.nad.org/about-us/nad-history/