I-Infection Control Prevention
Kubonakala lapho ingane eyodwa igula ekhaya, wonke umuntu ugula. Kodwa esibhedlela, akusona isiguli esisodwa ogulayo. Kungenzeka kube ngamakhulu iziguli. Noma kunjalo, odokotela nabahlengikazi abazinakekelayo abagula. Abahambisani nokuya enyangeni, kodwa bavame ukugwema ukugula. Kanjani?
Kukhona imithetho elula kakhulu abahlengikazi, odokotela, nabanye abayilandelayo ukuze bazigcine bephephile ezibhedlela.
Uma kungenjalo, izifo zingasakazeka ngokushesha ezibhedlela nasezibhedlela kungaba izindawo lapho abantu bagula khona, hhayi okungcono.
Ezinye imithetho zihle kakhulu
Umthetho olula wukuthi:
1. Ungathinti, ngaphandle kokuthi udinga.
Lokhu kusho:
Ungagudli izandla nomuntu ogulayo. Ungathinti ubuso bakho. Ungathinti noma yini ongayidingi.
2. Geza izandla zakho.
Lokhu kusho:
Ukugeza izandla zakho ngaphambi nangemva kokuxhumana nogulane.
Iminye imithetho
Kuneminye imithelela ikakhulukazi abahlengikazi nodokotela ukuzivikela kwezinye izifo.
Yisiphi isivikelo esidingekayo kuxhomeke kulokho okuvezwa khona - yiziphi izingxenye zomzimba nokuthi yikuphi uketshezi komzimba. Isivikelo sincike nokuthi yiziphi izimpawu noma izifo isiguli esinalo. Indlela esizivikela ngayo ekusikeleni ukuhlukumezeka kuhluke nokutheleleka kwesikhumba esilula.
Le mithetho idinga ukulandelwa ngisho nangaphambi kokuthola ukuxilongwa. Izimpawu noma ukusola kwesifo kufanele kuqalise izinyathelo zokuqapha.
Akekho okufanele alinde ukuxilongwa okuqondile ukuze athathe izinyathelo zokuphepha futhi aphephe.
Kwezinye izifo, imithetho engaphezu kweyodwa isebenza. I-virus ebangela ukuthi amakhaza angabanjwa ngokukhipha noma ukuxhawula ngesandla. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqapha zingadingeka.
Amaqoqo amane okuqapha okusigcina esiphephile ezibhedlela:
Ukuqapha Okuvamile
Zonke iziguli kufanele ziphathwe njengokungathi zinegciwane lesandulela igazi ngisho noma zingenjalo futhi sizihlolile.
Akekho okufanele ahlangane nogazi. Akekho okufanele ahlangane nezinye izifo zomzimba ezithathelwanayo, okufaka phakathi: i-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ekhishwa ngamalunga, amakhemikhali, amaphaphu, izinhliziyo, izibilini (isikhala se-peritoneal), kanye nokuvinjelwa kwamagciwane, isilwane, ne-amniotic fluid ngesikhathi sokubeletha). Amagundane kufanele agqoke njalo kunoma yiziphi izinqubo noma izivivinyo ezingase zibandakanye igazi noma lawa mafutha, njengokudweba igazi, ukufaka i-IV, ukuvala isikhala. Uma kunengozi yokuphuza amanzi, kufanele kube nokuvikelwa kweso kanye nomaski, kanye nezingubo uma kudingeka (njengokuzalwa).
- Ukuqapha konke okungajwayelekile akubandakanyi uketshezi komzimba okungaphandle kwegazi, ukuphuma komzimba okuqukethe igazi elibonakalayo, kanye namachiza omzimba okubhebhethekisayo okubalulwe ngenhla (i-CSF, i-amniotic fluid, i-fluid yamapayipi, amalunga, njll). Kodwa-ke, kulindelwe ukuthi uMnyango Wokulawula Ukutheleleka Ngokujwayelekile Uqaphele ukuthi izilonda, ikakhulukazi iglavu, zisetshenziselwa lezi ziphuzo (izimpumputhe zomzimba, izimpungushe, izithukuthezi, izinyembezi, umchamo, ubisi lwebele, ubisi, nokuhlanza).
- Lezi zinyathelo zokuzivikela zihlukile ezinqumweni eziyinyumba ezisetshenziselwa izinqubo zokuhlasela, njengokuhlinzekwa, uma umbuso uwukuthi: Sebenzisa amagilavu oyinyumba, igqoka oyinyumba, i-cap, i-mask ngenkathi egubungela isiguli emzimbeni ogcwele ehlanganisa umdwebo oyinyumba.
Ukuqapha kokuxhumana
Noma ubani onezimpawu ezingase zisakaze ngoxhumana naye. Lokhu kubandakanya iziguli ezinehudo, ikakhulukazi uma ziyazi ukuthi zibangelwa yiClostridium difficile, i-norovirus, ne-rotavirus. Lokhu kuhlanganisa neziguli ezinezinye izifo zesikhumba, ikakhulukazi izinyosi kanye nezikhwama. Lokhu kungabandakanya nezinye amagciwane okuphefumula, njenge-enterovirus ne-adenovirus, engasakazeka ngokukhipha noma ukuthinta ama-tabletops, ama-cookie, nezinye izinto, esizibiza ngokuthi amafomites (izinto ezingadlulisela izifo).
Lezi zixwayiso zingase zisetshenziselwe izidakamizwa ezingamelana nezidakamizwa, njenge-MRSA (i-Maticillin-resistant Staphylococcal aureus), i-CRE (i-Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae), i-VRE (i-Vococonic-resistant Enterococci).
- Noma ubani ongena egumbini lesiguli kufanele agqoke amagilavu (nesigqoko).
- Izinyathelo zokuxhumana eziphephile zixhomeke ekususweni okuphephile kokumboza okuvikelayo, ikakhulukazi amagilavu.
- Lokhu kusiza ukugwema ukutheleleka okusakazeka ekuthinteni isiguli (noma ifomu).
Ukuqapha kwe-Droplet
Ukutheleleka okusakazwa ngamaconsi okuqhutshwa njalo ngokukhwehlela nokukhipha (kusuka kumagciwane emakhaleni nasesinini kuze kube emaphashini).
Lezi zixwayiso zihlanganisa iziguli ezinezifo noma izibonakaliso: umkhuhlane, amanye amagciwane okuphefumula (i-parainfluenza virus, i-adenovirus, igciwane lesifo sokuphefumula (RSV), i-metapneumovirus yabantu, izimpumputhe) nama-bacteria (okukhwehlela ukukhwehlela noma ama-pertussis). Ezinye iziguli ezine- Neisseria meningitides , i-group A streptococcus - zidinga lezi zinyathelo zokulungisa ukwelashwa kwamahora angu-24 okuqala.
- Ungama 3-foot kusuka kwesiguli. Ukukhuluma, ukukloloda, noma ukukhwehlela kungathumela amagciwane angenelele kuwe.
- Noma ubani ongena egumbini lesiguli ugqoke imaski yokuhlinzwa
- Iziguli zingabelana igumbi uma omunye umuntu enesifo esifanayo. Uma kungenjalo, ngokuvamile bahlukanisiwe.
- Amadonsa amancane kodwa amakhulu kunamamitha ayi-5. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-1/200 ye-millimeter emikhulu.
Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Ezomoya
Lezi zinyathelo zokuqapha ziyadingeka ama-germs amancane aqoqa ama dollops amancane amancane avumela ukuba athambile emoyeni. Lawa ma-dollops amancane, okuthiwa i-nuclei, avame ukuphuma lapho ukuphefumula (ukukhwehlela, ukuklolodela noma ukukhuluma) futhi ungakwazi ukuhamba ngaphesheya kwalokho okulula okululazayo okungakhipha amagciwane. Ambalwa amagciwane angasetshenziswayo angenza lokhu. I-chickenpox kuphela (kuze kube yilapho izilonda zithwala) noma i-herpes zoster (ama-shingles) kumuntu ongakwazi ukuzivikela noma ukusakazwa, isirabelisi nesifo sofuba (TB) ngokuvamile kubonakala ezibhedlela.
Lezi nuclei zifana namaconsi, kodwa nje amancane. Zivame ukuba ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-5 - noma i-1/200 ye-millimeter. Ngezinye izikhathi, noma kunjalo, ingaba mkhulu kakhulu. I-nuclei encane, ejulile lesi sifo singafinyelela phansi emaphashini.
Ezimweni ezinqunyiwe, izifo zingasetshenziswa futhi zenziwe zomoya. Ama-Hantavirus avela kumagundane angenziwa i-aerosolized ngokuthi ukususa izimbungulu zokulala noma i-anthrax spores uma ku-powders. Isikhumba sasinamakhulu - kepha saqedwa. I-Tularemia ingaba yi-aerosolized kusukela ku-onogwaja uma mhlawumbe umgwangu womnsaka ubhubhisa isidleke.
Lapho abahlinzeki bezempilo bekhipha izinqubo ezingadala amaconsi amahle emithini esithathelwanayo - njengokufaka isifo somuthi we-influenza - bangasebenzisa imaski yokuqapha, kanye nezinkukhu zokuzivikela, ngisho nangabe umkhuhlane usakazeka ikakhulukazi ngamaconsi angenayo i-aerosolized . I-CDC iphinde ikhuthaze imaski ekhethekile ezosetshenziselwa i-H1N1 ngo-2009.
- Izinyathelo zokuzivikela ezinomoya zihilela ukuzihlukanisa nesiguli endaweni egumbini elicindezelayo elihlukile. Amakamelo anjalo akhishwa emoyeni futhi angabuyiselwa kunoma yimaphi amakamelo ahambisanayo noma ihholo ukuze wonke umuntu aphephe.
- Iziguli kufanele ziphume emakamelweni abo, uma kunesidingo, zigqoke imaski.
- Noma ubani ongena ekamelweni kufanele agqoke imaski ekhethekile, i-mask N-95. La masks angahlunga izinhlayiya ezinhle kakhulu. Kufanele "zihlolwe kahle" ukuze zithole ukuthi zizovimbela yini amagciwane ukuba angangeni. (Labo abanezinwele ezincane noma izinwele zobuso bangase bangabi namaski afanelekayo).
- Kungenzeka kube nezihlungi ngezibani ze-UV (Ultra-Violet) zokubulala izinto eziphilayo, njenge-TB.
Ezinye izifo
Ezinye izifo zingasakazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Abanye bangadinga izinhlobo eziningi zokuvikelwa. I-Enterovirus idinga i-droplet kanye nezinyathelo zokuxhumana; I-Ebola nayo, kodwa idinga ukunakekelwa okubanzi okuyize futhi okungazenzisi.
Ezinye azivame ukusabalala ngaphakathi ezibhedlela kepha kungaba. Izindlela zokuvikela izinaliti kanye nokumpontshelwa kwegazi kuyadingeka ukuze ugweme ukutheleleka kwegazi, njenge-HIV ne-Hepatitis B, kodwa futhi nezifo ezithwala i-vector. Ngokufanayo, ukutheleleka okunjalo kwe-vector, uma kwenzeka, kufanele kuholele emanetha okulala noma ezinye izinyathelo zokuqapha, ezifana nezindawo ezibhekene ne-malaria ukuze zigweme ukuqhuma okuncane phakathi kweziguli nabasebenzi abahlanganisiwe ndawonye.
Noma kunjalo ezinye izifo zingase zisakaze ngezinga ezingahlotshaniswa nokunakekelwa okuqondile kwesineke.