Ukumezwa Kwempendulo Ye-Viral Kusisiza Sithuthukise Izidakamizwa ze-HIV
Ukuqonda umjikelezo wokuphila we-HIV kuye kwenza ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izidakamizwa esisebenzisayo ukuphatha lesi sifo. Ivumela ukuthi sibone ukuthi igciwane lenza kanjani amakhophi ngokwabo, okusivumela ukuba sihlakulele izindlela zokuvimba (noma ukuvimbela) leyo nqubo.
Umjikelezo wokuphila nge-HIV uvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba eziyisithupha ezihlukene, kusukela ekunamathiselwe kwegciwane kumakhalekhukhwini osindayo kuze kufinyeleleke kwi- virions entsha ye- HIV ehamba mahhala ( okufanekiselwa ).
Okunamathiselwe nge-Viral
Uma igciwane lesandulela ngculazi lingena emzimbeni (ngokuvamile ngokuxhumana kocansi, ukuchayeka kwegazi, noma ukuhanjiswa komama ukuya komntwana), lifuna iseli esiphezulu ukuze lizalwe. Ummangalelwa kulolu cala i- CD4 T-cell isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuzivikela komzimba.
Ukuze usulele igciwane, kufanele lizinamathisele ngendlela ye-lock-and-kay system. Izihluthulelo ziyi-proteins ebusweni be-HIV obambelela kumaprotheni ahambisanayo kwi-CD4 cell ngendlela ehamba ngayo ikhiye. Yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi okunamathiselwe nge-viral .
Okunamathiselwe okunegciwane elivinjelwe yi-entry inhibitor-class drug okuthiwa uSelententry (maraviroc) .
Ukubopha nokuxuba
Uma ihlanganiswe esitokisini, i-HIV ikhiphela amaprotheni ngokwayo emanzini amamasu (cytoplasm) we-T-cell. Lokhu kubangela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-membrane yeseli emvilophini yangaphandle ye-HIV. Lesi yisiteji siyazi ukuthi i- fusion yamagciwane .Okunye okufakiwe, igciwane liyakwazi ukungena esitokisini.
Isidakamizwa esijova okuthiwa i-Fuzeon (enfurvitide) sikwazi ukuphazamisa ukufiphaza kwamagciwane.
Ukukhishwa kwe-Viral
I-HIV isebenzisa izinto zayo zofuzo (RNA) ukuze zikhiqize ngokuphanga umshini wezakhi zofuzo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ingakwazi ukukhipha amakhophi amaningi ngokwayo. Le nqubo, ebizwa nge-uncoating viral , idinga ukuthi ukugqoka okuvikelayo okuzungezile i-RNA kufanele kuchithe. Ngaphandle kwalesi sinyathelo, ukuguqulwa kwe-RNA kuya ku-DNA (izakhi zokwakha igciwane elisha) ngeke kwenzeke.
Ukubhaliselwa nokuhumusha
Kanye esesitokisini, i-RNA eyodwa ekhishwe nge-HIV kufanele iguqulwe ku-DNA ephindwe kabili. Ufeza lokhu ngosizo lwe-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i- reverse transcriptase .
I-transcriptase ephindaphinda isebenzisa amabhlogo wokwakha kusukela ku-T-cell ukuze ibhale phansi ngokoqobo izinto eziphathekayo ezivela ku-RNA kuya ku-DNA. Kanye i-DNA eguquliwe, umshini wezakhi zofuzo unesidingo sokudinga ikhodi ukuze kutholakale ukuphindaphinda kwe-viral.
Izidakamizwa ezibizwa ngokuthi i-reverse transcriptase inhibitors zingavimbela le nqubo ngokuphelele. Izinhlobo ezintathu zezidakamizwa, i-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), i-nucleotide transcriptase inhibitors (i-NtRTIs) ne-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (i-NNRTIs), iqukethe amaphutha amaprotheni azifaka wona ku-DNA ethuthukayo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ukufakwa kwe-DNA kabili okunamandla akukwazi ukwakha ngokugcwele, futhi ukuphindaphinda kuvinjelwe.
I-retrovir (zidovudine), i-Ziagen (abacavir), i- Sustiva (i-efavirenz) ne-Viread (i-tenofovir) ingenye ye-reverse transcriptase inhibitors evame ukusetshenziswa ukuphatha i-HIV.
Ukuhlanganiswa
Ukuze igciwane lesandulela ngculazi lihlasele umshini wezakhi zofuzo, kufanele ihlanganise i-DNA esanda kumiswa ibe yinucleus yeseli. Izidakamizwa ezibizwa nge- integrase inhibitors zinamandla kakhulu okuvimbela isigaba sokuhlanganiswa ngokuvimbela i-enzyme ye-integrase esetshenziselwa ukudlulisa izinto eziphilayo.
I-Isentress (ratelgraviv), i-Tivicay (dolutegravir), ne-Vitekta (elvitegravir) yizinto ezintathu ezijwayelekile ezifakwe integrase inhibitors.
Umhlangano
Uma sekuhlanganisiwe, i-HIV kufanele ikhiqize amabhlokhi wokwakha amaprotheni asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa igciwane elisha. Kwenza kanjalo nge-enzyme ye-protease, eyenza amaprotheni abe yizincane ezincane bese ehlanganisa izingcezu zibe ezintsha, ezakhiwe ngokugcwele nge-HIV virions.
Isigaba semithi ebizwa ngokuthi i-protease inhibitors singakwazi ukuvimbela ngokuphumelelayo inqubo yomhlangano . Konke kufaka phakathi izidakamizwa ezifana ne-Prezista (darunavir) noReyataz (atazanavir).
Ukuqhathaniswa nokuqhathaniswa
Enye i-virions ihlangene, ihamba ngesigaba sokugcina lapho i-virions evuthiwe ihluma ngokuqondile esitokisini esithintekayo.
Uma usukhululiwe ekuhambeni mahhala, la ma virions aqhubeka ukuthelela elinye iseli lesikhamuzi futhi aqale umjikelezo wokuphindaphinda futhi.
Azikho izidakamizwa ezingavimbela ukuvuthwa nokucubungula .