Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwe-Virus nesiteleka sezifo
I-HIV yisigceme segciwane lesandulela ngculazi lomuntu . Luhlobo lwegciwane oluhlukaniswa ososayensi njenge- retrovirus , okubangela izifo ngokutheleleka nokubulala amaseli egazi (eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-CD4 T-cells) phakathi kwesistimu yomzimba womzimba. Njengoba lawa maseli ephulwa kancane kancane, umzimba uya kancane kancane ukuzivikela ngokumelene nezifo ezivamile.
I-AIDS yisigama sokuthola i-immunodeficiency syndrome. Kuyinto isiteleka sokutheleleka nge-HIV lapho amasosha omzimba omuntu ehlehliswa ngokugcwele, eshiya umzimba uvule izifo ezihlukahlukene ezibulalayo ezibizwa ngokuthi izifo ezithathelanayo .
Ngenxa yalokho, i-HIV ingabhekwa njengesizathu kanye ne-AIDS umphumela wesifo sofuba.
Kuyini i-Retrovirus?
I-retrovirus ibhekwa ngokuthi "i-retro" ngoba idlulisela ikhodi yayo yezofuzo ngokuphindaphindiwe. Eziningi eziphilayo, isakhi sezakhi zofuzo zifakwe e-DNA kuya ku-RNA. I-retrovirus iyingqayizivele ngoba isebenza ngendlela ehlukile, isebenzisa i-RNA encoding yokukhiqiza i-DNA ngaphakathi kweseli elithathelelekile.
Uma lokhu kwenzeka, i-DNA esanda kukhishwa ifakwe engxenyeni yesikhungu esithintekayo, ngokuyiphutha ngokucophelela imishini yayo yokwenza izakhi zofuzo ukuze kutholakale amakhophi amaningi, ngayinye ekwazi ukuthelela nokubulala izinqwaba zamanye amangqamuzana ahlangene.
I-HIV ngokukhethekile ihlose amaseli egazi elimhlophe elibizwa ngokuthi "umsizi" T-cell Okuyinhloko phakathi kwalawa ma-CD4 T-cells, okusebenza kuwo ukuqala ukuphendula komzimba ngomzimba.
Ngokuhlehlisa ngokuthekisiwe la maseli omzimba, i-HIV inciphisa ikhono lomzimba lokubona nokunciphisa igciwane elihlaselayo, kanye namanye ama-agent (isib. Amagciwane, amagciwane, ama-parasitic) angazivikela ngokumelene nawo.
Kwenzekani Uma Unesifo Sengculaza?
I-HIV isakazwa ngokuxhumana kocansi, ukujova ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, ukuvezwa kwegazi ngengozi, nokudluliselwa komama kuya kwengane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
I-HIV ayikwazi ukudluliselwa nge-sweat, izinyembezi, amathe, indle, noma umchamo.
Ngesikhathi sokutheleleka kokuqala (acute) , igciwane lesandulela ngculaza liphindaphinda ngamandla, lihlasela futhi libhubhise inani elikhulu lamaCD4 T-cell. Ekuphenduleni, izivikeli zomzimba zomzimba zangasese ziyasebenza, futhi ukutheleleka kancane kancane kulawulwa phansi.
Phakathi nalesi sigaba esingapheli sokutheleleka, igciwane alinyamalale. Esikhundleni salokho, singena esikhathini se-latency, esingagcina noma kuphi kusukela eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kuya kweyishumi nambili. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, igciwane lizoqhubeka liphinda liphindaphindile, ngokuvamile ngezimpawu zokugula noma ezingekho . Eqinisweni, kuvame ukuphela uma kuphela ukutheleleka okubonakalayo ukuthi umuntu uqala ngisho nokusola ukuthi angenayo i-HIV. Ngalesi sikhathi, isimiso somzimba sokuvikela amasosha ngokuvamile sikhubazekile, ngezinye izikhathi sibi kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kokusakaza i-HIV mahhala, i-subset yegciwane ebizwa ngokuthi i-provirus izozifaka emasethini nasezicukwaneni zomzimba ezibizwa ngokuthi izibhamu ezingavamile . Lezi zinqolobane ezifihlekile zinikeza i-HIV indawo ngokuzivikela ekutholeni emzimbeni wokuvikela omzimba. Ngisho noma ngabe i-HIV ilawulwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezidambisigciwane , lezi zinhlaka ze-proviral ziyakwazi ukuphikelela, zilungele ukuphinde zivele njenge-HIV ngokugcwele isikhathi sokuthi ukwelashwa kwehluleka noma isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela siphume.
Kwenzekani Uma Umuntu Ebhekene Ne-AIDS?
I-AIDS akusona isifo nge-se kodwa kodwa isigaba sokutheleleka nge-HIV lapho isimiso somzimba samasosha omzimba sithinteka kakhulu. Ngokwengqondo, i-AIDS ichazwa yi- CD4 count yangaphansi kwamangqamuzana angu-200 nge-microliter (μL) noma ngokuxilongwa kwesifo okuthiwa yi- AIDS .
(Ibanga elijwayelekile le-CD4 libala ububanzi kusukela phakathi kuka-800 kuya ku-1600 amaseli nge-μL.)
Uma kushiywe kungalashwa, isikhathi sokuphila esisodwa somuntu one-AIDS sikhona phakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha nesikhombisa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, oneminyaka engu-35 ubudala oqale ukwelashwa kwe-antiretroviral (ART) angaphumelela esikhathini sokuphila esilingana nesabantu abaningi , ngokusho kocwaningo oluvela e-UK
Isifundo seqembu le-HIV esihlanganyelwe.
Ekugcineni, ukwelashwa kuyisihluthulelo sokugwema izifo ezihlobene negciwane lesandulela ngculazi nokubuyiselwa komzimba. Ngisho nabantu abanezifo ezithuthukisiwe, ukuqaliswa kwe-ART kunganciphisa ikhono le-HIV lokuphindaphindiwe, ngaleyo ndlela avumela i-CD4 T-cell ukuba iphinde ikwazi ukuphindaphinda ibe yindabuko (futhi kwezinye izimo, ezijwayelekile).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluvela ku-US-Financing Timing Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment (START) luqedile ukuthi ukuqaliswa kokuqala kwama-ART anikezwe ngamaphesenti angu-53 kunciphisa engozini yezifo eziphathelene ne-HIV nezingahlolele i-HIV.
Ngenxa yalokho kanye nezinye izifundo, zombili i-World Health Organization (WHO) noMnyango WezeMpilo WezeMpilo wase-United States namuhla zikhuthaza ukuqaliswa kwe-ART ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inani le-CD4 yomuntu, isigaba sesifo, indawo, noma imali engenayo.
Izibalo zomhlaba wonke we-HIV / AIDS
Njengoba kutholakala ngo-1981, i-HIV ibizwa ngokuthi ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 emhlabeni wonke. Emhlabeni wonke, kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-35 abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi namuhla, abangama-69% abo ase-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara.
E-US, abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-1.2 banesandulela ngculaza, ngokubhekwa ngokucophelela kusuka kumaCenter for Disease Control and Prevention e-Atlanta. Kulezi, 20-25% kulinganiselwa ukuthi ayitholakali.
Ngenkathi ukwandiswa kokufinyeleleka kuma-ART kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu izinga lokufa kwe-AIDS , kokubili e-US nakwamanye amazwe, izinga lokutheleleka okusha liqhubeka likhuphuka emazweni amaningi aphezulu, kufaka phakathi iNingizimu Afrika lapho inani le-HIV lokuxilonga landa ngamaphesenti angu-100 kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2011 kuphela.
I-WHO kanye neZizwe Ezihlangene zihlose ukuguqula lo mkhuba ngokuqaliswa komkhankaso we- 90-90-90 , ohlose ukwandiswa kwezinhlelo zokwelapha kazwelonke ngokuthi:
- eqinisekisa isimo se-HIV samaphesenti angu-90 kubo bonke abantu abanegciwane lesandulela ngculaza;
- ukubeka u-90% kulabo abaqinisekisiwe ekwelashweni kwama-antiretroviral, futhi;
- qinisekisa ukuthi 90% kulabo abakwelashwa bayakwazi ukufeza ukucindezelwa okuphelele kwegciwane .
Ngokwenza kanjalo, kukholelwa ukuthi izinga lokutheleleka emhlabeni jikelele lingasetshenziswa ngokunciphisa ama-200,000 ukutheleleka ngosuku lomhla ka-2030.
Imithombo:
Izikhungo Zempilo Zikazwelonke (NIH). "Ukuqala ukwelashwa kwemishanguzo yegciwane lengculaza y kuqala ngcono imiphumela yabantu abanegciwane lesandulela ngculaza." I-Bethesda, e-Maryland; ikhishwe ngoMeyi 27, 2015.
Kwangathi, M .; Gompels, M .; no-Sabin, C. "Ukulinda kokuphila kwabantu abanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ngendlela evamile ngokwemibandela ekuphenduleni ukwelashwa kwama-antiretroviral: Isifundo se-UK Cohort of the Cohort." I-Journal ye-International AIDS Society. NgoNovemba 11, 2012; 15 (4): 18078.
I-INSIGHT START Study Group. "Ukuqaliswa Kwethemishana Ye-Antiretroviral In HIV Early Infection." I-New England Journal of Medicine. Julayi 20, 2015; I-DOI: 10.1056 / NEJMoa1506816.
I-Human Sciences Resource Council (HSRC). "Inhlolovo yokuHlala kweSandulela-ngculazi yaseNingizimu Afrika, iNingizimu Afrika kanye noKuziphatha, 2012." EPitoli, eNingizimu Afrika; Disemba 2014.
I-United Nations Joint Programme nge-HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS). "I-Track-Track: Ukuphela kwesifo se-AIDS ngo-2030." IGeneva, eSwitzerland; ikhishwe ngoDisemba 1, 2014.