Ukwazi izisekelo ze-genetics kungakusiza uqonde izifo zofuzo
Imiphakathi yesayensi yolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo iyanda nsuku zonke, okwenza ukutholwa kwezokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa kunamathuba amaningi ngosuku oludlulayo. Uma wena noma umuntu omthandayo uthola ukuthi unesimo sezakhi zofuzo, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuthola kunzima ukuhambisana nawo wonke lawa magama asekelwe ezakhiweni. Nakhu eminye yemigomo ejwayelekile kakhulu nalokho okudingeka ukwazi ngakho.
Kuyini i-DNA?
I-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ithatha ulwazi lofuzo emangqamuzaneni omzimba wakho. I-DNA yakhiwe ngamakhemikhali amane afanayo-i-adenine, i-thymine, i-cytosine, ne-guanine-ebizwa ngokuthi izisekelo futhi isifinyeziwe njenge-A, T, C, no-G. Lezi zisekelo ziphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezibili ukuze zenze i-DNA yakho.
Kuyini iGene?
Ijethi iyingxenye ehlukile yeDNA yakho yeseli. I-Genesini imiyalo ekhonjiwe yokwenza konke umzimba wakho udinga, ikakhulukazi amaprotheni. Unama-gene angu-25,000. Abacwaningi abakakaqapheli ukuthi yiyiphi iningi lezakhi zethu zofuzo ezenzayo, noma kunjalo, ezinye zezakhi zethu zofuzo zingase zihlotshaniswe nezifo ezifana ne- cystic fibrosis noma isifo sikaHuntington.
Amaphrotheni: Izakhiwo Zethu Zokwakha
Ama-protein ayimaketanga ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali okuthiwa ama-amino acids. Iprotheyini ingaqukatha ambalwa amino acid kuphela emgqeni wayo noma ingaba nezinkulungwane eziningana. Ama-protein akha isisekelo seningi lomzimba wakho okwenza njengokugaya, ukwenza amandla, nokukhula.
Okuyisisekelo se-Chromosomes
Izidalwa zifakwe emathandeni okuthiwa ama-chromosomes. Abantu banezinhlangothi ezingu-23 zama-chromosomes, okuholela kuma-chromosomes angu-46 ngabanye. Kulawo mabili, idijithi eyodwa, i-chromosome ye-x ney, inquma ukuthi ungowesilisa noma wesifazane, kanye nezinye izici zomzimba. Amantombazane anama-chromosomes amabili ama-XX ngenkathi amadoda enesigqebhezana sama-chromosomes e-XY.
Amanye amabili angu-22 angama-chromosomes e-autosomal, anquma konke okwenziwe ngomzimba wakho.
I-Human Genome?
I-genome yomuntu yikhophi ephelele yesethi yonke yesimiso sezakhi zofuzo. I-Human Genome Project, eyagcwaliswa ngo-2003, yabona zonke izakhi zofuzo zomuntu ku-DNA futhi yagcina imininingwane yolwazi ukuze bonke abacwaningi kuyo yonke indawo bayisebenzise.
Ukuqonda Izinguquko
I-oda elithile lezimbili ze-As, i-Ts, i-Cs, ne-Gs zibaluleke kakhulu ku-DNA yakho. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona iphutha-elinye lamabili liguquliwe, liyehliwe, noma liyaphindwa. Lokhu kushintsha ikhodi yegciwane elilodwa noma ngaphezulu futhi libizwa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ezinye izinguquko azilimazi, kanti ezinye izinguquko zingabangela izifo noma ziholele ekukhulelweni okungenakuvikelwa.
Enye indlela ikhodi yakho ye-DNA engashintshwa ngayo yimaphutha kuma-chromosomes akho. Izingxenye ze-chromosome zingavimbela, zishintshe ngengxenye yenye i-chromosome, noma zishintshwe ngaphakathi kwe-chromosome efanayo. Uma kukhona okunye kwalokhu noma amanye amaphutha okwenzekayo lapho izinguquko, eziyaziwa nangokuthi zinguquko, zenzeka ngaphakathi kokubhaliswa kwamagciwane akho. Ungaba namakhophi amathathu we-chromosome, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-trisomy, noma i-chromosome eyodwa kuphela, esikhundleni se-pair evamile. I-Down syndrome, ebizwa nangokuthi i-trisomy 21, ivela uma kunamakhophi amathathu we-chromosome 21.
Imithombo
- > Burton, Jess, noJon Turney. Umhlahlandlela Okhohlakeleyo Okuya Esigodini & Cloning . I-London: Rough Guide Ltd, 2007.
- > "Kuyini iGene?" Ukuqonda i-Genetics. I-Tech Museum ye-Innovation. 21 Jan 2008.
- > "Yeka ukuthi izifo ezibangelwa yi-Genetic Disorders Zifa." I-Howard Medical Medical Institute. 21 Jan 2008.
- > "I-Basics And Beyond." Funda.AmaGenetics. I-University of Utah. 21 Jan 2008.