Ingabe i-xenotransplantation ingaba impendulo yokuntuleka kwezitho zomuntu?
Ngo-1997, udokotela ohlinzayo wezinhliziyo waseNdiya wathola ukuhlonishwa ngemuva kokufakelwa inhliziyo yengulube ibe ngumuntu. Isiguli sashona ngesonto elizayo ngenxa yezinkinga ezivela ezifweni. Kodwa-ke, lesi sigameko sabuyisa ukugxila ensimini encane eyaziwayo yokufakelwa komzimba , kulokhu kusukela ezilwaneni kuya kubantu. Emibhalweni yezokwelapha, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-xenotransplantation.
Ngokusho kwencazelo esemthethweni ye-World Health Organization, i-xenotransplantation ibhekisela ku:
- Ukutshalaliswa kwezakhi eziphilayo, izicubu, noma izitho zezilwane ezisuka kubantu.
- Ukutshala kabusha komzimba womuntu omswakama noma amangqamuzana ahlangene namaseli aphilayo angewona abantu noma amathishu.
Cabanga ngethemba: ikusasa lapho ukuhluleka komzimba wesintu akuseyona inkinga esesabekayo. Lapho ukulungele khona, ukunikezwa kwezinto ezifunwa ezifunwa ezitholakala ezilwaneni kuyatholakala ukuze kutholakale abantu abanezinkinga zezinso , ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo, ukwehluleka kwesibindi njll. Amathuba angase aphele. Kodwa sisekhona okwamanje? Kungenzeka yini? Futhi kuthiwani ngezinkinga zokuziphatha?
I-Xenotransplantation kuMlando
Ukwandisa isimo somuntu kanye nomsebenzi kuye kwaba yindinganiso abantu abaye bahlala kuyo kusukela esikhathini esidala. Indaba ejwayelekile ka-Icarus noDaedalus ehlanganisa izinyoni zezinyoni ngomzamo wazo ongenalutho wokudabula ulwandle ukusuka eKrethe kuya eGrisi iyaziwa kakhulu.
UNkulunkulu odumile wamaHindu, uGanesha unenhloko yezindlovu efakwe efomini lomuntu. Ezinye zalezi zimpawu zibuyele eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2000 ngaphambi kukaKristu. Ngakho-ke, kungase kube ephephile ukusho ukuthi abantu bebelokhu befaka umqondo we-xenotransplantation okungaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezine.
Ngaphambi kokulimala komhlinzeki odokotela waseNdiya okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, kube khona imibiko yokufakelwa kwenhliziyo ye-chimpanzee-to-human, eyenziwa ngo-1964 (ukusinda kwesiguli kwaba mfushane kakhulu).
Kungani Singazidinga Izilwane Zezingxenyana Zomzimba Kuzozonke?
Impendulo emifushane futhi engenabuhlungu ukuthi i-xenotransplantation ingaba yimpendulo ekungahambisani okwamanje phakathi kwesidingo kanye nesidlo. Njengase-FDA, iziguli eziyishumi ziyafa nsuku zonke e-United States kuphela zilinde ukuguqula izidumbu.
Idatha ye-USRDS ibika ukuthi uhlu lweziguli elinde ukufakelwa kwezinso kusukela ngo-Disemba 31, 2013 lwalunabalinganiselwa abangaphezu kuka-86,000. Lokhu kudlula izikhathi ezine inani lezinkinga zezinso ezenziwa e-US ngomnyaka ofanayo (cishe 17,600), isikhumbuzo esicacile sokungafani phakathi kwenani labaxhasi abatholakalayo kanye nabantu abalinde izinhlu zokulinda izitho .
Ngaphandle kwalezi zimo zokulondoloza impilo, ukwelashwa kwezifo ezingapheli ezifana nesifo sikashukela kunakho ukuguqulwa ngenxa yokufakelwa kabusha kwamangqamuzana namashukela avela emithonjeni engeyona yabantu (cabanga ukufakelwa kwe-pancreatic kwisifo sikashukela esisekelwe yi-insulin).
Yikuphi Izilwane Okungeke Kusetshenziselwe Ukuguqulwa Kwezinso Zangewona Abantu?
Nge-intuitively, kungase kubonakale sengathi abazala bethu abasondelene kakhulu ku-chain of evolution- "non-human" izilwane ezinjengama-chimpanzees-kungaba ngumthombo omuhle wezitho ezinjalo. Kodwa-ke, lezi zilwane ezincane azivamile futhi azijwayele "ukukhuliswa" ngesilinganiso esikhulu.
Akuzona-izilwane ezinjengezinkhumba, ngakho-ke, zikhethwa ngoba ukutholakala okulula ezinombolweni ezingenamkhawulo kwenza kube ngumthombo obiza imali. Ngokuqondile, ngokuqondene nezinso, izinso ezivela ezingulubeni zisondelene kakhulu nezinso zomuntu.
Izithiyo nezingozi
I-Xenotransplantation ayikashiywanga ngezinga elikhulu ngenxa yemingcele ethile. Nazi ezinye zezinkinga esizibhekene nazo uma kuziwa ekutshaleni izitho ezivela ezilwaneni zibe ngabantu:
- Ingozi yesimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela emzimbeni wenqaba isilwane esitshalisiwe esitholiwe esilwaneni.
- Ingozi yokudlulisa izifo (ezaziwa futhi ezingaziwa) ezivela ezilwaneni zibe ngabantu: Ekuboneni kuqala, lokhu kubonakala kuyingozi enkulu. Ngokwenza njalo, ukuthi imithombo eminingi engaba khona yezingxenye zabantu ingaba izilwane eziphakanyiswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo futhi ezihlukanisiwe zenza ukunciphisa okukhulu kule ngozi.
- Ukulinganiselwa okungokwemvelo kokufakelwa kwesitshalo: Ku-transplantation yenhliziyo ye-chimpanzee-to-human ehlulekile okukhulunywe ngenhla, isibonelo, ubukhulu obuncane benhliziyo ye-chimp ngokwanele ukunakekelwa kwezidingo zomzimba womuntu kwashiwo njengesisombululo sokufa kwesiguli .
- Izinkinga zokuziphatha: Ingabe kufanele sithathe impilo yesilwane ukuze sisindise eyethu? Umthelela wezempilo womphakathi we-xenotransplantation yinkinga yokuziphatha. Omunye wemibandela evamile ebhekene nodokotela bokufakelwa kabusha namuhla mayelana nokuthi kuzokwenzekani uma isifo esithathelwanayo singeniswa ngokungazi emphakathini wesintu ngenxa ye-xenotransplantation. Lokhu kungaba into efana ne-hypothesis mayelana negciwane lesandulela ngculaza kanye "nokujula" kwayo kubantu.
I-Xenotransplantation neqiniso
Manje inkolelo evamile ukuthi ukufakelwa kwezitho ezingezona zomuntu kubantu kubalulekile lapho, kunokuthi uma. Izinkinga eziphathelene nokwenqatshwa kwezitho ezinjalo zingase zibhekiswe ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izilwane zinikeza izici zofuzo ukuveza izakhi zofuzo zabantu. Uma lokhu kuphumelela, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela somzimba asikwazi ukuphika isitho sesilwane. Izinkinga mayelana nokutheleleka nokuziphatha zidinge uphenyo olungaphezulu.
I-"step step" yokuqala ekubhekaneni ne-xenotransplantation ingase ifakwe indima yesikhashana ezigulini ezinehluleka komzimba, lapho zingasetshenziswa khona njengebhuloho kuya ekuthathweni kokugcina. Isimo esicacile singaba nesiguli sokuhluleka kwesibindi esingapheli esingenaso isibindi somuntu esitholakalayo sokufakelwa kwesitshalo futhi singafa ngokulindelekile. Kulokhu, isibindi esingewona umuntu singathenga leso siguli isikhathi esiyigugu kuze kube yilapho isibindi somuntu sitholakala. Sithi lokhu "into engcono kuneze" isimo!
> Imithombo
> Cooper D. Umlando omfushane we-cross-species organ transplantation. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2012 Jan; 25 (1): 49-57. I-PMCID: PMC3246856
> I-Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation. I-World Health Organization International Xenotransplantation Information. http://www.who.int/transplantation/xeno/en/
> Ukuphathwa kwe-US Nokudla Nezidakamizwa. I-Xenotransplantation. https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Xenotransplantation/