Kuyini i-pediatrics? Lona ngumbuzo olula kubantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abaya kudokotela wezingane lapho beyizingane. I-pediatrics nje igatsha lemithi yezingane, akunjalo?
Lokhu kuyiqiniso kuyiqiniso, kodwa odokotela abaya emtholampilo baye bazi ukuthi izingane azizona nje abantu abadala abancane. Izinsana, izinsana, izingane zasenkulisa, ngisho nezinsana zonke zinesidingo nezinkinga ezehlukene ezingokwenyama nezingokwenyama kunabantu abadala.
Abahlengikazi banakekela zonke lezi zidingo zezingane kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube yiminyaka engu-21.
Umlando wezifo zokwelashwa
Nakuba odokotela bendabuko bendabuko bebelokhu bekhona kusukela ku-Hippocrates eGrisi lasendulo-futhi cishe ngaphambi kokuba ucabangele izindlela zokwelashwa zamasiko angewona wesentshonalanga-izingane zokwelashwa yilali gatsha elisha elisha.
Abahlengikazi banamuhla basuka ekubunjweni kwe-American Pediatric Society kanye ne-American Academy of Pediatrics. Njengamanye okunye okukhethekile kwezokwelapha, ukuthutha okukhethekile okwelashwa kubonakala sengathi kuguquke ngemva kokuba i-American Medical Association iqhubekele ukuvuselela nokulungisa imfundo yezokwelapha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Abaholi bezingane zakudala, abajwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi obaba bezingane, bafaka uDkt. U-Abraham Jacobi, u-Osler, u-Rotch no-Forchheimer.
Eqinisweni, esitatimendeni sabo senqubomgomo esithi "Umsebenzi Wengane Ezifundeni Zomphakathi," i-American Academy of Pediatrics ithi u-Abraham Jacobi (1830-1919) "ungumsunguli wesiyalo sohlelo lwezingane." Wazalelwa futhi eqeqeshwe eJalimane, ekugcineni uJacobi weza eNew York City futhi waqala ukuqhuba futhi efundisa izingane.
Ngaphezu kokuba ummeli oqinile wokuncelisa, uDkt. Jacobi waxwayisa ukuthi abesifazane abangazange bancelise ingane akufanele banikeze abantwana babo ubisi olubi lwenkomo futhi bafaka umqondo wokufundisa abafundi.
Izinyathelo Zokuqala Ekudleni
Ezinye zezinto eziphawulekayo ezenzeka ekuqaleni kwezingane zihlanganisa:
- U-Edward Jenner wahlola ukuthi lokhu kwaholela ekugonyeni kokuqala kwe- smallpox ngo-1796
- UDkt. Eli Ives unikeze izinkulumo kubafundi bezokwelapha eYale ngezifo ezinganeni nakwezinye izihloko zezokwelapha phakathi kuka-1813 no-1852
- Izincwadi ezimbili zokuqala ezenzelwe ukwelashwa zinyatheliswa ngo-1825, "Ukuphathwa Kwemithi Nezokwelapha Zezingane" nguDkt. William Potts Dewees nethi "Ukubheka Okusebenzayo Ngezifo Zezingane" nguDkt. George Logan
- UDkt. Elizabeth Blackwell uba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuphothula esikoleni sezokwelapha wase-United States ngo-1849 bese eqhubeka efunda ezibhedlela zezingane eLondon, eScotland naseParis, ebuyela ekusizeni ukuqala iNew York Infirmary yabesifazane nezingane
- Isibhedlela sezingane seFiladelphia sisungulwa ngo-1854 futhi siba esibhedlela sezingane zokuqala eMelika
- I-New York Medical College iqala uprofessorship weziguli ngezifo zezingane ngo-1860
- ULouis Pasteur ucela ukuguqulwa ngo-1862, okusetshenziselwa kamuva ukugcina ubisi oluphephile nguFranz von Soxhlet ngo-1886
- UDkt. Abraham Jacobi usiza ukuqala i- "American Journal of Obstetrics kanye Nezifo Zabesifazane Nezingane" ngo-1868
- Ngo-1872, uDkt. Mary Putnam Jacobi waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuba abe yilungu le-Academy of Medicine. Wabuye wavula isigceme sezingane eNew York Infirmary ngo-1886.
- UDkt. Frederick Forchheimer uyidokotela oyinhloko lapho ikhaya lezingane ezigulayo eCincinnati, Ohio, livula ngo-1883 - isibhedlela sezingane zakuqala eMidwest
- Umagazini wokuqala we-Archives of Pediatrics unyatheliswa ngo-1884
- I-American Pediatric Society yasungulwa ngo-1888, nguDkt. Job Lewis Smith, noDkt. Abraham Jacobi njengongumongameli wokuqala, owaba ngumongameli we-AMA
- UDkt. Thomas Morgan Rotch uqokwa njengoprofesa wokuqala wezingane waseMelika e-Harvard Medical School ngo-1893
- UDkt. Dorothy Reed Mendenhall nguye owokuqala ukuqaphela ukuthi isifo sikaHodgkin sasiyisifo se-cell cell futhi asiyona uhlobo lwesifo sofuba ngo-1901. Kamuva wenza i-internship ekwenzeni izingane futhi wenza ucwaningo ngezinkinga zezempilo zezingane zeBusiness Bureau eWashington DC, kubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwemigomo nemigomo yokuthuthukiswa kwengane.
- "I-American Journal of Diseases in the Children," eyanyatheliswa yi-AMA futhi manje ebizwa ngokuthi "Imibhalo Yengqolobane Yezokwelapha Nezokwelapha Kwabantwana," iqala ukushicilela ngoJanuwari 1911
- Izifo zesifo sezokwelapha zonyaka ziqala ukuvela e-United States ngo-1916
- USir Edward Mellanby, udokotela waseLondon, uthola ukuthi amafutha e-cod ye-fover angaphatha ama-rickets
- UDkt. Emily Partridge Bacon waba ngumbhali wokuqala wezingane ePhiladelphia (1918). Phakathi kwezinto ezintsha ezazisungula kwakungumtholampilo "osencane".
- UDkt. Jessie Boyd Scriver wayengomunye wabesifazane bokuqala abazofunda futhi baphumelele e-McGill University eMontreal, eCanada. Waba umongameli weCanadian Pediatric Society ngo-1952 futhi waba nomthelela omkhulu kuma-neonatologists eCanada.
- Umuthi wokugonywa kwe-diphtheria wethulwa ngo-1923, ngokushesha walandelwa umgomo wokushaya umkhuhlane we-pertussis ngo-1926
- UDkt. JP Crozier uqala ukushicilela incwadi yakhe yezinsizwa ethi "Izifo Zezinsana Nezingane," ekugcineni ziba incwadi kaNelson's Pediatrics esasetshenziswa namuhla
- U-Alexander Fleming uthola i-penicillin ngo-1928, nakuba kungakaze kube yi-1940s no-50s lapho i-penicillin yaqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-antibiotic
- I-American Academy of Pediatrics yakhiwa ngoJuni 23, 1930, ngeqembu labantwana abangama-35 eDetroit, eMichigan
- I-American Board of Pediatrics, ibhodi yokuqinisekisa ye-American Board of Medical Specialties, isungulwe ngo-1933
- Amacala e-rickets aqala ukwehla njengoba ubisi luqala ukuqiniswa nge-vitamin D ngo-1933
- Ucwaningo lushicilelwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-benzedrin (uhlobo lwe-amphetamine) ezinganeni ezinezinkinga zokuziphatha ngo-1937 nguDkt. Charles Bradley
- UDkt. Dorothy Hansine Andersen wayengumhlengikazi futhi ngo-1938, waba umuntu wokuqala ukuqaphela ukuthi i-cystic fibrosis yayisifo. Wasiza futhi wadala ukuhlolwa kokuqala ukusiza ukuxilonga i-CF.
- UHattie Elizabeth Alexander, MD wayengumhlengikazi kanye ne-microbiologist kwiBabies 'Hospital (manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-NewYork-Presbyterian, uMorgan Stanley Children's Hospital) owaqala ukwelashwa kwe-Hib meningitis eminyakeni ye-1940 eyasebenza kakhulu kunezokwelapha zangaphambilini. Wabuye wachaza ukumelana nokulwa namagciwane e- Haemophilus influenzae amabhaktheriya, esinye isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
- UDkt. William E. Ladd noRobert E. Gross (owenza i-PDA ligation lokuqala iminyaka emithathu ngaphambili) ashicilela incwadi yokuqala yokuhlinza izingane nge-1941, "Ukuhlinzwa Kwesisu Kwama-Infancy nezingane"
- UDkt. Norman M. Gregg ubika nge-rubella syndrome ebusweni ngo-1941
- UDkt. Helen Taussig noDkt. Alfred Blalock basebenza ukuthuthukisa ukwelapha okuphazamisa izingane ezincane ngeTetralogy of Fallot ngo-1943
- UDkt. RL Jackson noNkk HG Kelly banyathelisa amashadi okukhula asetshenziselwa ukukhula kwabantwana ngo-1944
- Uhlelo lokuqala lwe "Baby and Child Care" lushicilelwa nguDkt. Benjamin Spock ngo-1946
- Uhlelo lokuqala lokuhlala kwabahlengikazi lwezempi luvuleka eBoston's Chelsea Naval Base ngoNovemba 1946, nakuba ochwepheshe bezingane bebevele bekhonza e-Army naseNavy Medical Corps, kuhlanganise nabantwana abangaphezu kuka-900 e-World War II
- C. Everett Koop, MD eba udokotela ohlinzayo ekhanda e-Children's Hospital of Philadelphia ngasekupheleni kuka-1947
- UMarta May Eliot, MD waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukukhethwa njengomongameli we-American Public Health Association futhi wayaziwa ngokuthi "oyedwa wabahlengikazi besifazane abanomthelela kakhulu wokubamba isikhundla segunya lomphakathi e-United States ngesikhathi somsebenzi omude futhi ovelele."
- Umagazini wokuqala we-Pediatrics, iphephandaba le-American Academy of Pediatrics lishicilelwa ngo-1948
- Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngo-1948 lubonise ukuthi kuphela abantwana abangu-58% abakhishwa esibhedlela ngaphambi kokuba babe nezinsuku ezingu-8 ubudala futhi 35% babophe ngokudla, ama-27% aphethwe kokubili kwebele nesibhodlela kanti kuphela ama-38% kuphela aphethwe ngamabele kuphela
- UMargaret Morgan Lawrence, MD wayengumhlengikazi wezingane futhi kwakunguyena wesifazane wase-Afrika wokuqala ukuba aqinisekiswe yi-American Board of Pediatrics kanye nomuntu wokuqala wase-Afrika ukuba aqedele indawo yokuhlala eNew York Psychiatric Institute (1948).
- UDkt. Roland B. Scott, owayengusihlalo wezingane ezise-Howard University kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1973 futhi waba yilungu lokuqala lase-Afrika laseMelika le-American Pediatric Society ngo-1952, cishe ungumhlengikazi wezingane omnyama wokuqala e-US
- Ngo-1949, uDkt. Edith M. Lincoln, owayengumtholampilo wesitholampilo esifubeni sezingane e-Bellevue Hospital Centre eNew York City kusukela ngo-1922, waphatha ngempumelelo izingane ezingu-12 ezinezinyosi zesifo sofuba kanye nesifo sofuba esifundazweni, okwakubonakala kubulalayo ngaleso sikhathi.
- I-Harriet Lane Handbook ishicilelwa okokuqala ngo-1950, futhi isikhathi eside iba yindawo yokubhekisela kwabakhamizi bezingane
- Ngo-1951, uDkt. Natalia Tanner waba ngumuntu wokuqala waseMelika waseMelika wase-American Academy of Pediatrics futhi "wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukufinyelela kweziguli ezingenakutholwa ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kanye nokufinyelela odokotela abayingcosana ekufundeni kwezempilo."
Izinyathelo Zanamuhla Zokwelashwa
Ngaphandle kwezinto ezibalulekile ekutholeni izingane, ezinye izenzakalo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:
- UDkt. Virginia Apgar, i-anesthesiologist, uvula i- Apgar Score ngo-1952, esetshenziselwa ukuhlola impendulo yengane ekuvuseleleni ngemuva kokuzalwa
- UCatherine Dodd, MD waba ngowokuqala ukusihlela uMnyango Wezokwelapha esikoleni sezokwelapha sase-United States ngo-1952 - University of Arkansas Medical Centre.
- UDkt. Edward Press noLouis Gdalman, umkhemikhali waseChicago, baqale isikhungo sokulawula isifo sofuba ngo-1953, ikakhulukazi abashukunyiswa umsebenzi kaGeorge M. Wheatley, MD kanye nomsebenzi wakhe wokuphepha kwengane kanye nengozi yengane
- UJonas Salk uqala ukugoma kwakhe ngo-1952, futhi wasetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukwelashwa kwe-polio e-US kuze kutholakale ukugonywa komlomo we-polio, u-Albert Sabin ngo-1962
- Abantwana abangu-56 bathuthukisa i-polio ngo-1956 kusuka emigodini ye-polio engcolile kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Cutter Incident
- Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngo-1956 lwangabantwana abasanda kuzalwa esibhedlela (ngokuvamile ezinsukwini ezingu-4 noma ezinhlanu zokuphila) manje lubonise ukuthi u-63% wawudla ngokuphuza ukudla, u-16% wadla kusukela kokubili isifuba namabhodlela futhi kuphela ama-21% kuphela ayenamabele
- ILa Leche League yasungulwa ngo-1956 ukugqugquzela ukubeletha nokuguqula umkhuba wokukhuphuka kokudla kwamabhodlela
- UDkt. Ethel Collins Dunham ushicilele iMigomo Nezindinganiso zokuNakekelwa Kwezibhedlela Zezinsana Ezisanda Kuzalwa, Isikhathi Esigcwele Nokuqala Kwangaphambi kuka-1936 kanti ngo-1957 wathola uJohn Howland Medal e-American Pediatric Society, inhlonipho ephakeme kakhulu.
- UFrances Kelsy, uF.D. kuvimbele ukudayiswa kwe-thalidomide e-US ngenkathi esebenza e-FDA ngo-1960, isidakamizwa esasanda kuxhunyaniswa nokukhubazeka kwamazwe emazweni angaphezu kuka-40 ayeye avumela iphilisi yokulala eyanikwa abesifazane abakhulelwe.
- Ifomula lebhizinisi elisebenzayo liqala ukudayiswa ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 futhi lihlanganisa uLactum, Similac, Enfamil, ne-SMA, okuncintisana nefomula yezingane eyenziwe ngokwenza (ubisi oluphuphukile kanye namanzi neshukela elengeziwe, njengoDextri-Maltose) nokuncelisa
- UDkt C. Henry Kempe ushicilela iphepha lokuqala mayelana nokuhlukumeza izingane, "I-Battered Child Syndrome," ngo-1962, okusiza ukudala izinhlelo zokusiza ukuvimbela nokuphatha ukuhlukumeza izingane
- Izincomo zenzelwe uketshezizwa kwamanzi okuphuza edolobheni endaweni yokuhlushwa phakathi kuka-0.7 kuya ku-1.2 ppm ngo-1962
- UDkt. Robert Guthrie uhlaziya ukuhlolwa kweGuthrie ukuhlola ama-newborn for phenylketonuria ( PKU ) ngo-1963
- UDkt. Dilip Mahalanabis udala amaphakethe akhe okuyisisombululo sokuvuselelwa ngomlomo (ORT) ukuphatha iziguli ezinehudo kanye nokudambiswa kwamanzi eCalcutta, e-India ngo-1966
- UDkt. Forrest Bird umemezela iNdodana Bird ngo-1970, i-ventilator ye-first-produced, ephansi, esebenzisa izingane, ngemuva kokusungula ezinye zezimoto zokuqala ezihamba phambili ezinama-1950s no-60.
- Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Nestle kuqalwe ngo-1977 ukuphikisana nezinkampani zokukhuthazwa kwefomula lebantwana emazweni asathuthuka, okwaholela ekunciphiseni izinga lokuncelisa nokuncelisa ukufa kwezingane, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungabi namanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile kulawa mazwe
- Ukukhishwa kweKhomishini yokuThengiswa komkhiqizo wabathengi kuholele ukudweba ezindlini ngo-1978
- I-Autism ibhekwa njengesifo esihlukile ku-DSM-III ngo-1980, nakuba izimpawu ze-autism nezenzo zokuziphatha zachazwa ngo-1911
- Kwakukhona ama-Hib meningitis ama-8,000 kuya ku-10 000 e-US minyaka yonke ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, okuholela ekufeni kwabantwana abangu-240 kuya ku-770, kanye nezinye izifo ezingu-6 000 zezifo ezimbi ezibangelwa amagciwane aseHib, kuhlanganise ne-epiglottitis, i-pneumonia, i-cellulitis, kanye ne-bacteriumia
- Uhlelo olwenzelwe ukugonywa kwabantwana ngo-1983 luhlanganisa imishanguzo emine (i-DTP, i-OPV, i-MMR, i-Td)
- Ukugonywa kwe-Hib kunconywa kubo bonke abantwana abaneminyaka eyi-18 kuya kwezi-59 ubudala abaneminyaka eyi-18 kuya kwezi-59 ngo-1988 futhi kamuva bathuliswa kuzo zonke izinsana eziqala ezinyangeni ezimbili ngo-1990
- Umkhankaso wokulala ukulala usiza ukunciphisa kakhulu ingozi ye-SIDS.
- Nakuba kwaqala kancane kancane ukuqala ngo-1973, kwaze kwafika ngo-1996 ukuthi ukudayiswa kwephethiloli eholayo kuvinjelwe ngokuphelele e-US
- Ngo-1986, uDkt. Mayilyn Hughes uGaston ushicilela isifundo somhlaba wonke ukufakazela ukusebenza kwe penicillin ukuvimbela izifo ezinganeni ezinegciwane lesifo segciwane, okubonisa ukuthi zonke izinsana kufanele zihlolwe ngesifo segciwane.
- Ngonyaka ka-1997, inani lama-Hib amacala abikekile ayehlile ngo-99%
- Abaningi bathi baqala izinhlelo zokuhlola izinhlelo ezisanda kuzalwa ukuze zibukeze izimo ezingu-25 kuya kwezingu-40 noma ngaphezulu ngo-2004, ngokuphendula ukucindezelwa komphakathi ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi be-spectrometry kusukela ngo-1996
- I-CDC idedela isifundo ngo-2007 ukuthi ibika amazinga we-autism ku-1 kwabantwana abangu-150
- I-World Health Organization ichaza ukuqala komkhuhlane we- H1N1 wezifo zango- 2009 ngoJuni 11, 2009
- I-Cerarix, umgomo olwa ne-HPV, uvunyelwe ngo-2009, futhi ujoyine uGasasil (omunye umgomo wokugoma we-HPV) ohlelweni lokugoma ukuze avikele izingane ohlwini oluqhubekayo lwezifo ezivimbela ukugoma, kuhlanganise ne-chickenpox (Varivax), izifo ze-pneumococcal (Prevnar 13) , i-rotavirus (i-Rotateq no-Rotarix), izifo ze-meningococcal (i-Menactra), nesifo se-hepatitis A, lapho imishanguzo iye yavunywa kusukela ukugonywa kwe-hepatitis B kwanezelwa ohlelweni lokugoma ngo-1994.
- Imishanguzo yemifucumfucu ejwayelekile ikhona yonyaka ka-2013-14 wezikhukhula. Lezi zinketho ezintsha zokugoma komkhuhlane zihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa emithonjeni emine yetshefu.
- I-HPV 9 ivunyelwe ngo-2014.
- Imishanguzo emibili yamadoda B yamukelwa ngo-2014.
Ukuba udokotela wezingane
Ngemuva kwekolishi, abafundi abanentshisekelo yokuba ngodokotela wezingane bathathe i-MCAT bese beya esikoleni esisodwa sezokwelapha ezingu-125 noma ezikoleni zezokwelapha ze-osteopathic ukuze zibe udokotela kuqala.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emine esikoleni sezokwelapha, iminyaka emithathu yokuhlala kwezingane zizokulungisela umsebenzi wezokwelapha jikelele.
Ochwepheshe bezingane
Ngaphandle kwezingane ezijwayelekile, izingane zakudala zingakhetha ukuzikhethela ezinkambu eziningi, kufaka phakathi:
- Imithi Yama-Adolescent
- I-Gastroenterology yezingane
- I-Cardiology yezingane
- I-Hematology-Oncology yezingane
- Ukuhlukumeza izingane
- Izifo ezithathelwanayo zezingane
- Umuthi Wokunakekelwa Okunakekelwa Kwezingane
- Imithi ye-Neonatal-Perinatal
- I-Pathoatrics Yokuthuthukiswa Kokuziphatha
- I-Nephrology yezingane
- Imithi Ephuthumayo Yengane
- Pulmonology yezingane
- Endocrinology yezingane
- I-Rheumatology yezingane
Abanye ochwepheshe bezingane, njengodokotela ohlinzayo wezingane, i-radiologist yezingane, noma i-neurologist yezingane, njll, akuzona ngempela izingane, kodwa esikhundleni salokho, abaqeqeshwa emasimini abo, bese beqeqeshwa ukuqeqeshwa kwabantwana.
> Imithombo:
> Isitatimende Somgomo Sase-American Academy of Pediatrics. Indima Yengane Emphakathini Wezokwelapha. I-Pediatrics Vol. 115 No. 4 Ephreli 2005, iphe. 1092-1094.
> I-American Academy of Pediatrics. I-American Pediatrics: Amandla amakhulu eMillennium. Ikhomishana Yezokwazisa Zomlando. I-Pediatrics 2001; 107; 1482-1491
> CDC. Amathrendi Yamanje Ukuvimbela Amacala Ase-Haemophilus influenzae > Uhlobo b Izifo >. I-MMWR. Disemba 24, 1982/31 (50); 672-674,679-680.
> UCharles W. Callahan. Umlando Wezokwelapha Zempi: Iminyaka Engamashumi ayisihlanu Yokuqeqeshwa Nokuthumela Abahlengikazi Abantwana Abazimele. I-Pediatrics Vol. 103 No. 6 Juni 1999, iphe. 1298-1303.
> Edmund C. Burke. U-Abraham Jacobi, MD: Indoda Nefa Lakhe. I-Pediatrics, Feb 1998; 101: 309 - 312.
> UHerman F. Meyer. UKUHLAZIWA KWEMIBUZO E-UNITED STATES: UKUPHILA KWESIKHATHI SOKUPHILA KANYE NOKUPHILA: Ukuhlola ngezibhedlela ezingu-1,904 ezinezimbalwa ezimbili zokuzalwa nokuzalwa kwezigidi ngonyaka ka-1956. I-Pediatrics, Jul 1958; 22: 116 - 121.
> Katherine Bain. Isibalo Sokudla Kwebele Esibelethweni E-United States. I-Pediatrics, Septhemba 1948; 2: 313 - 320.
> URobert C. Brownlee, MD. Umlando wezingane. I-American Board of Pediatrics: Umsuka wayo nomlando wokuqala. Izifo ze-Pediatrics, Nov 1994; 94: 732 - 735.
> Abesifazane Ekunakekelweni Kwezempilo kanye Nezingane: Izimpendulo Zomlando. I-Pediatrics, Ngo-Apr 1983; 71: 681 - 687