Izifo ezizenzekelayo ngokuzenzakalelayo 101
Amasosha omzimba wakho avikela umzimba wakho kumagciwane angaphandle nezinye izinto. Ngokusebenzisa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi eziguquguqukayo, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sikhwameni sikhombisa futhi sikwazi ukukuvikela-njengoba sibonisa futhi sibhubhisa, yini okungewona.
Ukuze wenze umsebenzi wayo, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela kumele siqonde umehluko phakathi kwezinto ezingaphandle noma i-molecule, okuthiwa i- antigen , namaseli kanye nezicubu zomzimba wakho, okuthiwa ama-self-antigens.
Njalo emsebenzini, amasosha omzimba wakho asebenzisa impilo yakho yokuhlola, isampuli, ukukhumbula, nokubhubhisa ama-antigens ukuthi kubhekana nokulimaza.
I-T- ne-B-Amaseli
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana egazi amhlophe ahilelekile ekuvikeleni umzimba wakho ngokumelene nezifo noma ukugula. Uma ugula, udokotela wakho angase asolise ukutheleleka, futhi ahlele iphaneli yegazi ukuze ubone ukuthi umzimba wakho uphakamise ukuphendula komzimba, ukwandisa inani lamaseli amhlophe egazi ajikeleza kuwo wonke umzimba wakho.
Eminye yalezi zinhlobo zegazi elimhlophe yi-lymphocytes. Izinhlobo ezimbili ze-lymphocytes yi- T-amaseli nama- B-cell . Nakuba lezi zombili zine-lymphocytes-zinezinto ezahlukene.
T-amangqamuzana ahlonza amagciwane, noma ama-antigens, egibele ebusweni bamaseli akho. Uma iseli isulelekile, ikhiqiza impendulo yamakhemikhali eqhutshwa phezulu yizakhi zofuzo ezibizwa ngokuthi yi- main histocompatibility complex (MHC) . Uma impendulo yamakhemikhali ivela phezulu, ama-T-cells adluliselwa ayaxwayiswa ukuba khona kwe-antigen.
I-T-cell ngayinye inenani elikhulu lama-molecule we-receptor phezu kwawo, okuthiwa i-T-cell receptor, elisebenza ukukhomba nokuthega iseli elithathelelekile.
Ngosizo lwe-T-cell, ama-B-amangqamuzana ikakhulukazi anesibopho sokudala ama-antibodies ethize ahlanganisa i-antigen futhi ayibhale ngokubhujiswa amasosha omzimba.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zamangqamuzana egazi ezimhlophe yi- macrophages ne- neutrophils .
Ama-Macrophages nama-Neutrophils
Ama-germs kanye nama-microorganisms ahlaselayo angena emzimbeni ezindaweni ezahlukene. Uma benza, bahlangatshezwa ezinye izidlo ezinkulu, ngokoqobo. Ama-Macrophage azungeze, athole, adle ama-antigens namademenshini angamaselula angenawo amamaki (namaphrotheni) amangqamuzana anempilo. Ama-Macrophages ajikeleza kuwo wonke ama-tissue wegazi namzimba. Amanye amangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe ama-neutrophils, ajikeleza egazini, kodwa hhayi kuwo wonke amathishu, enza umsebenzi ofanayo.
Olunye uhlobo lokuhlaselwa olusetshenziswa ama-macrophages kanye neutrophils ukuvimba kwamakhemikhali anobuthi ukulimaza noma ukubulala izinambuzane ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Ebizwa ngokuthi ama-molecule asebenzayo e-oksijeni asebenzayo , la amakhemikhali ayingozi emathisheni azungezile uma kuningi okhiqizwa isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Isifo esizimele esibizwa ngokuthi i-wegener sika-granulomatosis isimo sibuhlungu kakhulu yi-neutrophils engasebenzi kakhulu nama-macrophages. Izimfihlo ezinobuthi ezihloselwe ama-antigens ukulimaza imithwalo yegazi enempilo kunalokho. Nge-arthritis ye-rheumatoid, amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe, nalawa ma-molecule asebenzayo, athuthela amalunga, okwenza ukuvuvukala okuholela ekulimazeni, ukufudumala, nokuhlanganiswa okuhlobene ne-RA.
Ama-MHC nama-Co-stimulatory molecules
Ngenhla, sikhulume ngomsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo ezithwala ama-molecule we-MHC phezulu kweseli elithathelelekile. Lezi zimfucumfucu zakhiwa iseli ngezingcezu zegciwane, noma i-antigen, eye yahlasela iseli.
Njengefulegi elibomvu, impendulo ye-MHC ibonisa amaseli e-T ukuthi aphendule. Ukuxhumana kwenzeka kuqala lapho iseli elwa ne-antigen isho ukuthi kukhona i-antigen, futhi okwesibili uma isignali ithunyelwa kusuka esiteleni esenwegciwane ukuya esithombeni esifanayo kwi-T-cell. Ama-molecule esitokisini esenwegciwane, kanye ne-T-cell ephendulayo ephendula izimpendulo zamasosha omzimba kuthiwa yi-co-stimulatory molecules.
Ikholi nenhle yezimemo ze-co-stimulatory, lapho isebenza kahle, ivuselela iseli ngalinye isinyathelo sokubhubhisa i-antigen. Ukusebenzisana kwala ma-molecule kuyindawo ecebile yokucwaninga ngendlela yokulawula, noma ukuyeka, ukuxhumana komzimba uma amangqamuzana akho anempilo namashukela aphutha ngokuhlasela ama-antigens.
I-Cytokines ne-Chemokines
Ekusebenzisaneni kwama-molecule avuselelayo, ama-T-amaseli angafaka amakhemikhali abizwa ngokuthi i-cytokines ne-chemokines. Ngamunye walezi zinhlanganisela unomzimba ohlukile wokuzivikela.
Ama-cytokines anama-proteine omzimba angase abize amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba asebenzayo, futhi asebenzise namaseli angaphandle omzimba. Esinye isibonelo salokhu ukuqina kwesikhumba okwenzeka nge-autoimmune disorder scleroderma.
Uhlobo lwe-cytokine, i-chemokines ludonsela amanye amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba, ngokuvamile okukhiqiza ukuphendula okuvuvukala ngemva kokulimala, noma nokutheleleka. Kodwa okuningi kakhulu into enhle yingozi nakancane. Ukukhiqiza ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali ku-RA, isibonelo, kubangela ubuhlungu nokulimala kwamalungu njengama-macrophages nama-neutrophils asabela kwisignali eyiphutha.
Ama-Antibodies
Ekhiqizwa ama-B-cell, ama-antibodies ahlanganisa ama-antigens angaphandle futhi asize ekubhujisweni kwawo. Ama-T-amangqamuzana axhumana ngamakhemikhali nama-B-cell ngokusebenzisa ama-cytokines. Ngemuva kokuthola ukufundiswa yi-T-cell, ama-B-amangqamuzana akwazi ukukhiqiza i-antibody ekhethekile edingekayo ukubhekela i-antigen esithathelwanayo, noma ehlasela.
Ama-autoantibodies
Izinkinga zenzeka lapho isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ngephutha senza ama-autoantibodies-literally antibodies ngokuzimela. Le nkinga ephawulekayo yezifo ezithathelwana ngokuzenzakalelayo kusho ukuthi isimiso somzimba sokuvikela omzimba senza ama-self-antigens-amangqamuzana akho, izicubu, nezitho-njengemizimba yangaphandle.
Kulabo abahlukunyezwa yi-autoimmune disorder, i-myasthenia gravis, ubunzima bomzimba obuthakathaka besifo bubangelwa yi-autoantibodies ezibhekene nezinzwa ezithile ezibhekene nokunyakaza kwemisipha.
I-Immune Complexes ne-Complement System
Ama-antibodies akhiqizwa ama-B-amangqamuzana ahlanganisa ama-antigens akhethekile. Lesi senzo sokuxilonga sabizwa ngokuthi i- immune complex . Lapha futhi-into enhle kakhulu yonakalisa umzimba womuntu.
Lapho umzimba ukhiqiza amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba kanye neziyinkimbinkimbi, impendulo yokuvuvukala ingavimbela ukugeleza kwegazi ezitsheni kuwo wonke umzimba, ubhubhise izicubu namalungu. Ukulimala kwezinso kuyisimo esivamile sempendulo yokuzivikela emzimbeni kulabo abaphethwe i-lupus.
Ngokuphendula komzimba omzimba, umzimba uveza ama-molecule akhethekile akha uhlelo lokusiza . Isistimu yokuxhaswa ikhipha izicubu, kanye nezindawo zezingqimba ze-immune complexes, ukusebenza ukuze zenze i-soluble futhi ihlukane lapho ingasadingeki. Lokhu kusebenza ukugwema umonakalo wegazi nesigungu esibhekene nalabo abanezifo ezithile ezizimele.
Ngokuvamile, amaphethini ezifuzo ezithathwa njengefa njengezifo ezivimbela ama-molecule. Lesi sifo akusona isifo esizimele, kodwa ngokuvamile siwulingisa umonakalo owenziwe yilabo abatholwa nge-lupus.
Izakhi zofuzo
Njengoba sikhulume ngaphambili, ukwakheka kwakho kwezakhi zofuzo kungakusiza ekuthuthukisweni kwesifo esizimele. Izakhi zakho zofuzo ziyisimiso samasosha omzimba wakho, futhi isebenza. Amaphethini afanayo omzimba wakho we-T-cell receptors, uhlobo lwama-molecule we-MHC akhiqiza, nezinye izici zempendulo yakho ye-immune. Kodwa izakhi zofuzo kuphela azilungiseleli ukuthuthukiswa kwakho kwesifo esizimele. Abanye abantu abanezinhlobo ze-MHC ezihlobene ne-autoimmune azizange zenze i-autoimmune disorder.
Eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi esebenzayo, isimiso sakho somzimba sokuzivikela sisebenza kanzima ukuvikela impilo yakho. Kulula ukubona ukuthi ukungasebenzi kanjani kunoma yisiphi isigaba sempendulo yegciwane lengculaza kungabangela isifo esiyingozi esingasakwazi ukulimaza.