Uyazi ukuthi u-Earl Bakken usekelwe enkundleni ye-pacemaker kwi-metronome yomculo? Futhi ukuthi izimiso zama-origami zaseJapane ziphefumulelwe uhlobo lwe-stent ye-vascular engakwazi ukuvunyelaniswa ukuze ifanelane nesikhala? Isayensi nobuciko ngokwemvelo kuvumelana. Eqinisweni, ukuvuselelwa komhlaba okudinga ukuhlala phansi kudinga ukuthi kusetshenziswe amandla kokubili; ukuthuthuka kwezesayensi yezokwelapha kuvame ukufezwa ngokusebenzisa ubuciko nokuveza izinto.
Kusuka ku-STEM kuya ku-STEAM
Amathuba ezomnotho wesayensi nobuchwepheshe aqhuba umnotho wezwe kunanini ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke, ukutshalwa kwezimali emasimini e-STEM (isayensi, ubuchwepheshe, ubunjiniyela kanye nezibalo) kuye kwasekelwa kabanzi. Kodwa-ke, abanye abameli bezobuciko bakholelwa ukuthi amakhono we-STEM ayedwa akwanele ukuletha intuthuko nokufezeka izwe elilifunayo uma kuziwa emisha. Ukuze ubuchwepheshe bezempilo obunqenqemeni buyenzeke, ubuciko buyinto ebalulekile. Ubuciko buvuselela ohlangothini olufanele lobuchopho bethu, ngakho-ke lungakwazi ukusebenzisana ne-hemisphere yangakwesokunxele futhi lunikeze umsebenzi olinganiselayo wokuqonda. Ngakho-ke, abanye baye basikisela ukuthi imisebenzi ehilela ubuciko kufanele ikhuthazwe ezikoleni zethu zezifundo-ukuthi i-STEM kufanele ihlanganise ubuciko futhi iguqulwe ibe yi-STEAM.
Ubuciko akuyona nje isithasiselo sokuhleleka kwesiphakamiso semfundo. Ukwaziswa kule ndawo kungase kubambe isihluthulelo kolwazi olujulile lwesayense kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwempilo, imithi kanye nezinye izindawo ezibalulekile zesayensi.
UProfesa uRobert Root-Bernstein kanye nabo asebenza nabo baseMichigan State University babheka imibhalo yezobuciko zeNobel zesayensi. Babona ukuthi cishe bonke laba bantu babehlanganyela ngentshiseko ngendlela ethile yobuciko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babo baxhumelela impumelelo yabo kwisayensi ngobuciko nobuciko bokudala ubuciko.
Ucwaningo lukaRoot-Bernstein lubonise ukuthi abaphumelele eNobel Prize babenamathuba angama-17 okuba abaculi abanamakhono, uma kuqhathaniswa nososayensi abavamile, futhi izikhathi ezingu-12 amathuba okubhala izinkondlo nezincwadi. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwakhe, uRoot-Bernstein uthi ngokuvuselela ubuciko, uvuselela emisha futhi mhlawumbe uhambe ngaphezu kwemingcele ejwayelekile.
Isithombe sibalulekile amazwi ayizinkulungwane
Ngokomlando, imifanekiso yezokwelapha yayiyingxenye ebalulekile yocwaningo lwezokwelapha. Ubuciko busetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa ulwazi kanye nokusiza enqubo yokufunda. Ubuciko buhlala yingxenye ebalulekile yomuthi namuhla, ngezifanekiselo ezivumelanisa inkathi yedijithali nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukusiza imizamo yabo.
Imidwebo yezincwadi zezokwelapha, amaphephandaba, kanye neminyaka yamuva, izicelo zeselula namawebhusayithi, idinga uhlobo olukhethekile lobuchwepheshe. I-Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine iqondisa uhlelo oluqedile iziqu ku-Medical and Biological Illustration enikeza ulwazi oludingekayo. Lolu hlelo luqhutshwa nguMnyango Wezobuciko njengoba Kusetshenziselwa Imithi. Muva nje, imifanekiso yoMsizi woMsizi woMnyango uProfesa Jennifer Fairman ihambisane nesigcawu kumagazini iHopkins Medicine okuthiwa Cooking up Bone Replacement.
Lesi sihloko sichaza umsebenzi woMnumzana uProfessor Warren Grayson neqembu lakhe, abaye basebenzela ukukhiqiza amathambo athathe indawo esikhundleni. Umbhalo ulandela isakhiwo se-recipe yokudla, futhi uchaza ukunyathelisa kuka-3-D nokudala izinto ezingu-3-D kusuka efayeleni ledijithali usebenzisa izinto ezikhethekile ze-ultrathin. Imidwebo kaFanman ibonisa zonke izithako ezidingekayo (ithambo lemvelo elenziwe ngamapulangwe, i-polycaprolactone, i-fibrinogen, i-thrombin, umhluzi wemvelo kanye ne-beta-glycerophosphate), nezinyathelo zale nqubo ekhethekile "yezolimo".
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uProfesa uRichard Sawdon Smith, wasebenzisa imifanekiso yezokwelapha ekhoneni lesiguli: ukufuna ukuqonda ukugula nokwamukelwa kwezifo.
USawn Smith waguqula ukuthakazelisa kwakhe nge-anatomy ebuciko. Echitha isikhathi esiningi ezibhedlela ngemuva kokuthola isandulela ngculazi, waqala ukusebenza ngemidwebo ye-anatomical, ukufaniswa kwesimo sobuso kanye nokuthatha izithombe ezithombeni. Phakathi kwamanye amaphrojekthi, udale uchungechunge olubhalwe ngenqubo yokuhlolwa kwegazi, ebizwa ngokuthi Hlola . Wabuye wanquma ukudweba umdwebo we-tattoo esibhedlela esikhumbeni sakhe futhi waba yinto yezokwelapha ngokwakhe.
Ubuciko Nezesayensi Ye-Prosthetics
Ukudala idivayisi ephathekayo ebonakalayo futhi ekhululekile kuyisimo esidinga amathalenta amaningi nokuqeqesha. Ochwepheshe ngemuva kwalokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-aplastologist yemitholampilo. Emsebenzini wabo, i-aplastologists ihlose ukuhlinzeka ngesiguli ngesifiso esenziwe ngokwezifiso esifanele umuntu ngamunye. Inqubo yokudweba nokuklama inguqulo yokugcina yomzimba ingxenye-isibonelo, indlebe, impumu noma iso-inezinyathelo eziningi. Uma kwenziwa ochwepheshe abanethalente, i-prosthesis ihlobanisa wonke umzimba ongenayo i-unobtrusively futhi inegalelo lekhwalithi yokuphila yesiguli.
Umtholampilo we-Johns Hopkins Facial Prosthetics uholwa ngu-aplastologist onethalente kakhulu, uMnu. Juan Garcia, odala izidakamizwa zokukhubazeka okukhulu okungenakulungiswa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlinzwa. Ufeze kakhulu ekufaniseni umbala wendikimba entsha yomzimba nomsindo wesikhumba somuntu. Le ngxenye idinga ubuciko obukhethekile. U-Garcia usebenza neziguli ezinokuhlukumezeka, ukuhlinzwa, ukugula noma ukuzalelwa ngezingqinamba. U-Garcia uthanda izifesheni zakhe ngesandla. Kodwa-ke, unesithakazelo kakhulu kuyo yonke inqubo yentuthuko yakamuva yezobuchwepheshe kanye nesayensi futhi ulokhu efuna izindlela ezintsha zokuzifaka emsebenzini wakhe. Uthakazelisa ngokukhethekile izilwane eziphilayo futhi uhlakulele izicubu eziphilayo-izinto ezikwazi ukwenza indlela entsha yokudala izingxenye zomzimba ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo.
Izithombe ze-3-D nazo zamukelwa ngokwengeziwe emphakathini wezokwelapha. Kusetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezahlukene ezigabeni ezihlukene zomzimba, njenge-torso, isifuba nekhanda / ubuso, ukusiza ekuhleleni nokwelashwa. Enyakatho ye-Ireland, i-Belfast Health and Social Care Trust isebenze ekuthuthukiseni izithombe zebhande le-3-D, iphrojekthi ephethwe nguMnyango Wezokwelapha. Isofthiwe ekhethekile esekela inqubo isetshenziswe ngokulandela imihlahlandlela ekhethekile efaka iseluleko ekukhanyeni, ukubeka kwesiguli, isizinda kanye nombono. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu manje ukuthi abesifazane abaningi basebenzise kabusha isifuba esilandelayo ngemuva kwesisindo somzimba. Ngezithombe ezingu-3-D, ukulinganisa kungabuyekezwa futhi udokotela ohlinzayo angasheshe anqume ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa kokulinganisa kufanele kunconywe.
Ukufunda okubukwayo kokuthola imithi engcono
Esinye isici esibalulekile sobuciko ikhono layo lokudala iziteshi ezintsha zokuxhumana. Ochwepheshe bezeMpilo bahlangana njalo neziguli ezinamakhono abo okukhulumisana ngamazwi zingase zivimbele izizathu ezehlukene zezokwelapha nezingezona ezokwelapha. Isibonelo, izithiyo zangaphandle nezemfundo zingaba inselele. Ezimweni ezinjengalezi, kungaba usizo ukuxhumana usebenzisa ezinye izindlela, njengokudweba isichazamazwi esilula ngesiguli. UFrançois Luks ovela eMnyangweni Wezokwelapha Kwabantwana eBrown University uthi ukudweba kwezokwelapha kungasiza ekuhleleni imicabango kanye nokucacisa ubudlelwane be-anatomic. Le nqubo ibuye ibuye ibonise ukucacisa inkinga ngokucacile, kokubili isiguli nodokotela.
Ukuqaphela ikhono elibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi zonke izisebenzi zezempilo kufanele zithuthuke ukuze zithole ukunakekelwa kangcono. Ngokwesibonelo, amakhono okubuka angabalulekile ekuhloleni isiguli nokubikezela imiphumela yokwelapha. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ubuciko bokubukwa, ikakhulukazi imidwebo kanye nefilimu, kungasiza abafundi bezokwelapha babe ngcono ekugubheni.
UProfesa Katrina Bramstedt, ummeli ohlonishwayo emhlabeni wonke ovela eBond University, e-Australia, ubonisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kunamangqamuzana kuphela. Ukhuluma ngokufunda nokufunda, okudinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela ukuze kuvezwe incazelo. Ukufunda nokubhala okubonakalayo kusiza odokotela ukuthi bathole ulwazi lomtholampilo kusuka ezigulini ezingase zingakwazi ukuveza izinto ngokuqondile. Abameli be-Bramstedt baxhumanisa okuqukethwe komuntu wezokwelapha nokuqukethwe kwesayensi. Isibonelo, uhlolisisa abalingisi bezokwelapha ngokuhlanganyela-ukufundisa inkambo e-anatomy. Ucwaningo lwakhe lathola ukuthi abafundi bezokwelapha ngokuvamile basekela ukufakwa kobuciko bokubuka ezikoleni zezokwelapha.
Kodwa-ke, uyaqaphela ukuthi kunabanye abangase bakubone njengokuphazamiseka okungadingekile ezifundweni zabo zesayensi zendabuko. Noma kunjalo, uyathemba ukuthi odokotela abazozuza esikhathini esizayo bazozuza emkhakheni wekharikhulamu olinganiselayo ngokubheka kokubili imibono yabantu nangokwesayensi.
> Imithombo:
> I-Banschbach V. Amakolishi Amancane Ezobuciko Bobuciko Bobuciko Foster Impumelelo ku-STEM nase-Entomology. Am Entomol . 2016; 62 (2): 125-126.
> Bramstedt K. Ukusetshenziswa kobuciko bokubukwa njengendlela yokuhlola izifo zezokwelapha. I-AMA Journal of Ethics , 2016; 18 (8): 843-854.
> Liou K, George P, Baruch J, Luks F. Imidwebo yezokwelapha: Ukufundisa umfanekiso wezokwelapha kubafundi bezokwelapha. I-Med Educ . 2014; 48 (5): 525.
> Okufanekisiwe & Kwahlukaniswa: UProfesa uRichard Sawdon Smith. J Vis Commun Med . 2015; 38 (1/2): 98-102.
> Root-Bernstein R, Allen L, Weinlander S, et al. Ubuciko bukhuthaza impumelelo yesayense: Ukususwa kweNobel, National Academy, Royal Society, kanye namalungu eSigma Xi. Journal of Psychology of Science and Technology . 2008; 1 (2): 51-63.
> Winder R, Boyd L, Mcintosh S, et al. Ukusungulwa kwensizakalo yezithombe zezintambo ze-3D emfanekisweni wezokwelapha. J Vis Commun Med . 2014; 37 (1-2): 28-35.