Unyaka ngamunye, amaCentral for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) akhiphe izibalo ngezimbangela ezibulalayo zokufa e-United States , kokubili ngenxa yezifo nezinye izenzo ezingenhloso noma ezingenhloso. Ngokuyinhloko, izimbangela ziye zahluka kancane eminyakeni engamashumi eminyaka edlule, idatha yayo ehlanganiswa kuphela izitifiketi zokufa ezikhishwe odokotela, abaqeqeshi, abaqondisi bemngcwabo nabahloli bezokwelapha.
Kodwa-ke, isifundo se-2016 esivela kuJohn Hopkins University siye safaka iparadigm endlebeni yaso ngokusikisela ukuthi imodeli ye-CDC ayinayo kuphela ukulinganiselwa kwayo kodwa ihlukumezeke kakhulu ekukwazi ukuhlola noma ngisho nokukhomba indima yesiphambeko sezokwelapha ekubangela ukufa.
Ngokuqhathanisa izibalo zokufa kwezingane, ezigulini ezinezibalo zokungeniswa esibhedlela, abaphenyi bakwazi ukuphetha ngokuthi amaphesenti angaba ngu-10 kubo bonke abafayo e-US ayengumphumela wokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha sekuphelile.
Uma kulungile, lokho kungabeka iphutha lezokwelapha njengesizathu esithathu sokuholela ekufeni e-US, ukuxosha kakhulu imivimbo, izingozi, i-Alzheimer's, noma ngisho nesifo se-lungs.
Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuphazamiseka kokuthi amaHhovisi okufa ahlanganiswa kanjani
Lapho behlela ukutadisha kwabo, ithimba likaJohn Hopkins laveza ukuthi izindlela zendabuko zokuqoqa izibalo zokufa zithembele ohlelweni lwekhowudi olwakhiwe okokuqala ukuze lwenze umshwalense kanye nokukhokhiswa kwezokwelapha, hhayi ucwaningo lwe-epidemiological.
Le khodi, okuthiwa i- International Classification of Diseases (ICD) , yamukelwa yi-US ngo-1949 futhi iqondiswe namuhla yi-World Health Organization (WHO) eGeneva. Uhlelo lwe-ICD lwaklanyelwe ukuthi lubukeze imimoya ethile yempilo ikhodi ehambelanayo, emva kwalokho ukufakwa kwekhodi ye-alphanumeric eyengeziwe kunganikeza imininingwane emibhalweni ethile, izimbangela, izimo, nezinye izinto ezingavamile.
Ngenkathi i-US (njengeCanada ne-Australia) ithuthukise ukulinganisa ikhodi ye-ICD , uhlelo luhlala lufana nalokhu olusetshenziselwa ucwaningo lwe-epidemiological global. Yilezi amakhodi odokotela abazozisebenzisa ukuhlukanisa izimbangela zokufa, okuyinto i-CDC izobe ikhipha ngaphezulu umbiko wayo wonyaka.
Ngokusekelwe ngezigaba ze-ICD, i-CDC ibika ukuthi izimbangela eziyishumi zokuqala zokufa ngo-2014 ziyizi:
- Isifo senhliziyo: 614,348
- I-Cancer: 591,699
- Izifo zokuphefumula ezingapheliyo: 147,101
- Izingozi (ukulimala okungenhloso) : 136,053
- Isisu (izifo eziyingozi): 133,103
- Isifo se-Alzheimer : 93,541
- Isifo sikashukela: 76,488
- Umkhuhlane kanye ne-pneumonia: 55,227
- I-Nephritis, i-nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis (isifo sezinso): 48,146
- Ukuzilimaza ngokweqile (ukuzibulala): 42,773
Abacwaningi bathi, amakhodi e-ICD asetshenziselwa izitifiketi zokufa ahluleka ukuhlukanisa iphutha lezokwelapha njengesizathu esihlukile nes / noma esiyingqayizivele. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi ikakhulukazi i-ICD yamukelwa ngesikhathi ukuphazamiseka noma amaphutha emitholampilo engaziwa enkampanini yezokwelapha futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya ngaphandle kokubika kwezwe.
Ukuthi uhlelo aluzange lushintshe-futhi luqhubeka nokubeka amakhodi wokukhokhisa ucwaningo lwezibalo-ngokuqondile ukushaya amandla ethu okungaqapheli kuphela kodwa ukunciphisa inani lokufa elibhekiswe kumaphutha wezokwelapha.
Ukutadisha I-Tracks In-Patient Deaths
Ukufa okubangelwa yiphutha lezokwelapha akuyona inkinga entsha, okulula okulula ukukwenza. Ngo-1999, umbiko ovela kuyi-Institute of Medicine (IOM) waphakamisa ingxabano lapho kugqiba ukuthi iphutha lezokwelapha lalibhekene nokufa kwabantu abangu-44 000 no-98 000 eMelika ngonyaka ngamunye.
Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwaphakamisa ukuthi izinombolo ze-IOM ziphansi nokuthi isibalo sangempela sasihamba endaweni ephakathi kuka-130,000 kanye nokufa okumangalisayo kuka-575,000. Lezi zinamba ziye zaphikisana kabanzi njengokuthi zikhulu kakhulu kuncazelo yazo "yephutha lezokwelapha" noma zincane kakhulu.
Ephendula, abacwaningi bakaJohn Hopkins banquma ukuthatha enye indlela ngokuchaza "iphutha lezokwelapha" njengelinye noma ngaphezulu kwalokhu okulandelayo:
- Isenzo esingalindelekile (kungaba umphumela wokushiya noma isenzo)
- Isenzo esingaphumeleli umphumela ohlosiwe
- Ukuhluleka kwesenzo esihleliwe (iphutha lokubulawa)
- Ukusebenzisa uhlelo olungalungile lokufeza umphumela (iphutha lokuhlela)
- Ukuphambene nenqubo yokunakekelwa okungenzeka noma engabangeli ukulimaza
Ngokususelwa kuleso ncazelo, abacwaningi bakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukufa kwabantu abanesiguli, kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2008 kusukela kumnyango wezeMpilo wezeMpilo kanye noHulumeni lwabantu base-US. Lezo zibalo zazisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa izinga lokufa kwesiguli ngonyaka, izinombolo zazo ezisetshenziselwa ukufakwa kwesibhedlela esibhedlela sase-US ngo-2013.
Ngokusekelwe kulelo fomula, abacwaningi bakwazi ukuphetha ngokuthi kwabangu-35,416,020 esibhedlela esibanjelwe esibhedlela ngo-2013, ukufa kuka-251,141 kwenzeka njengomphumela oqondile wephutha lezokwelapha.
Lezi zingaphezu kuka-100 000 ezingaphezu kwesifo esingapheli esingapheli (isib. 3 sokufa) futhi cishe kabili isilinganiso senhlekelele (# 4) noma isifo (# 5).
Isifundo Siba Nengxabano Phakathi Kwabaqeqeshi Bezempilo
Ngesikhathi abacwaningi bephuthuma ukuveza ukuthi amaphutha kwezokwelapha awagwemeki ngokwanele noma angabonakali isinyathelo somthetho, bakholelwa ukuthi bavumela ucwaningo olukhulu uma kuphela ukukhomba izinkinga zesistimu eziholela ekufeni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukunakekelwa okungalungile phakathi kwabahlinzeki bezempilo, amanethiwekhi omshuwalense ohlukene, ukungabikho noma ukusebenzisa izinto zokuphepha nezindlela zokuphepha, nokuntuleka kokuziphendulela ngokuhlukahluka emisebenzini yomtholampilo.
Abaningi emphakathini wezokwelapha abakasheshi ukuvuma. Kwezinye izimo, leyo ncazelo "yephutha lezokwelapha" liye lagqugquzela impikiswano njengoba lihluleka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwephutha ekwahluleleni kanye nomphumela ongalindelekile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulu uma kuziwa ezinkingeni zokuhlinzwa noma izenzo ezithathwe ezigulini ezinesifo sokuphela. Kukho icala lingase libhekwe njengephutha eliyinhloko lokufa, abaningi baphikisana.
Abanye, okwamanje, bakholelwa ukuthi amaphutha afanayo embikweni we-IOM ahlukumeza isifundo se-Hopkins, lapho isisindo sokwehlukana senziwa ngaphezulu kudokotela kunokuba kube nokukhetha kokuphila okuvame ukukhulisa ingozi yokufa (kufaka phakathi ukubhema, ukudla ngokweqile, ukuphuza ngokweqile, noma ukuphila ngendlela yokuphila).
Noma kunjalo, naphezu kokuphikisana okuqhubekayo mayelana nokuqiniswa kombiko weHopkins, iningi liyavuma ukuthi kuzomele kwenziwe ngcono ukuchaza nokuchaza amaphutha ezempilo ngaphakathi komongo wokubuyekezwa kazwelonke. Ngokubona lezi ziphutha, kukholelwa ukuthi inani lokufa elibhekwa ngephutha lezokwelapha lingancishiswa kakhulu kokubili phakathi kwabasebenzi ngabanye nasezingeni elibanzi lohlelo.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). " Ezempilo, i-United States, 2015 : Ithebula 19." 2015; I-Atlanta, Georgia; incwadi ethi Library of Congress 76-641496; 107-110.
> Makary, M. noDaniel, M. "Iphutha lezokwelapha-eyesizathu esithathu esibangela ukufa ku-US." I- British Medical Journal. Ngo-Meyi 3, 2016; 353: i2139.
> Landrigan, C .; I-Parry, G .; Amathoni, C; et al. "Izitayela zesikhashana emazingeni omonakalo weziguli ezibangelwa ukwelashwa." I-New England Journal of Medicine. 2010; 363: 2124-2134.