Ukubukeka kwezidakamizwa ze-antiviral kanye nezifo abaphatha ngazo
Ama-viruses angama-parasites e-intracellular okukhetha ukwenziwa kwemishini yeselula. Ngesikhathi sokubeletha, amagciwane abulale amaseli futhi aqhubeke nokuthelela amanye amaseli.
Phakathi neminyaka yama-1950, ngenkathi kucwaninga ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukwelashwa komdlavuza, ososayensi bathola izimboni zamakhemikhali ezingavimbela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA. Phakathi neminyaka yama-1980 nango-1990, ngemuva kokuba i-HIV yaba yinkinga, imishanguzo ye-antiviral yaqala ukuvuselelwa.
Namhlanje, imishanguzo ye-antiviral isetshenziselwa ukuphatha izifo eziningi.
Ukuze uphumelele, imithi yokwelapha i-anti-virus kufanele ihlose ukungena kwegciwane noma ukuphuma noma ukugxilisa igciwane ngenkathi ingaphakathi kweseli. Imithi yama-antiviral kufanele ibe yinto ecacile ukuze ingabangeli ubuthi lwe-systemic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidakamizwa kufanele zibe namandla futhi zizinzile.
Nazi izincazelo ezimfushane zezinye izidakamizwa we-antiviral okwamanje etholakalayo.
Imithi yama-antiretroviral isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-herpes simplex virus (HSV) ne-varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
Imithi emithathu eyinhloko esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-herpes simplex (herpes) kanye ne-varicella zoster virus yi-acyclovir, i-valacyclovir, ne-famciclovir. I-Varicella zoster virus ibangela kokubili ukukhulelwa kwenkukhu ngemuva kokutheleleka okujulile kanye ne-shingles (herpes zoster) ngemuva kokutheleleka okuvame noma okuvuselelwe.
Zonke lezi zidakamizwa ziphephile futhi zinezinqubo ezifanayo zesenzo. Ngokwesibonelo, bonke basebenza ngokubopha i-DNA polymerase, i-enzyme esetshenziselwa ukuphindaphinda i-DNA yegciwane.
Inothi, ngoba i-valacyclovir (i-Valtrex) ne-famciclovir ifinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme legazi, lezi zidakamizwa ezimbili ziphumelela kakhulu ekuphatheni ama-shingles.
Izidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa izidakamizwa zobulili (i-papillomavirus yabantu)
Izidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa izidakamizwa zobulili zihlanganisa:
- I-Ribavirin ebuye isetshenziselwe ukuphatha igciwane lesifo sokuphefumula (RSV) i-bronchiolitis noma i-pneumonia kanye nomkhuhlane (kancane kancane)
- (I-Topical) imiquimod
Imithi yama-antiretroviral isetshenziselwa ukwelapha umkhuhlane (umkhuhlane)
I-Influenza iyimbangela evamile yesifo somkhuhlane ngesikhathi sebusika. Ngenhlanhla, sinemigomo evikela ukukhulelwa komkhuhlane wonyaka. Kubalulekile ukuthola umkhuhlane wakho wesifo sonyaka ngoba ngezinye izikhathi umkhuhlane ungaba yi-pneumonia, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izifo zomoya zingabulala - ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantwana nabantu abadala.
Izidakamizwa ezifana neTamiflu (oseltamivir) ne-zanamivir (i-Relenza) zingasetshenziswa ukuvimbela izimpawu zofuzo futhi zifinyeze ubude bokugula. Ngaphezu kwezidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela isifo somkhuhlane noma ukukhubazeka, kunezidakamizwa ezihlukumeza ngemishini yegciwane emva kokutheleleka nge-influenza kuhlanganise i-amantadine, i-rimantadine, i-oseltamivir, ne-zanamivir,
Imithi yama-antiretroviral isetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukutheleleka kwe-cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Ukutheleleka kwe-Cytomegalovirus kuvame ukuvela kubantu abagulayo kakhulu (cabanga ukuthi abantu abanesifo sengculaza noma ukuguqulwa kwesitho). Njengegciwane le-varicella-zoster, elibangela i-herpes zoster (ama-shingles), iningi lethu lihlala i-cytomegalovirus, kepha igciwane lizovuselela kuphela uma amasosha omzimba ehla.
Kulabo asebevele begula kakhulu, izimpawu zokutheleleka kwe-cytomegalovirus zithinta izinhlelo eziningi zensikimba futhi zifaka:
- i-retinitis
- i-esophagitis
- i-colitis
- ubuchopho nomgogodla (CNS) ukutheleleka
- i-pneumonitis
Izidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukutheleleka kwe-cytomegalovirus zifaka i-valganciclovir, i-ganciclovir, i-foscarnet, ne-cidofovir. (Ngenxa ye-bioavailability enkulu, ukusebenzisa i-valganciclovir kuye kwashintsha kakhulu i-ganciclovir.) Njengezinye izidakamizwa zokulwa negciwane, imithi yama-antiviral esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-cytomegalovirus ekungcoleni okuyingxenye nge-virtual enzyme efana ne-DNA ne-RNA polymerase.
Imithi yama-antiretroviral isetshenziselwa ukwelapha isifo sofuba
Imithi ehlukahlukene yama-antiviral isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i- hepatitis B ne-hepatitis C. Iningi lalezi zidakamizwa zithinta ngokuqondile ukukhiqizwa kwe-viral kufaka phakathi:
- i-nucleoside ne-nucleotide analogs
- protease inhibitors
- i-polymerase inhibitors
I-Interferon, mhlawumbe isidakamizwa esivame kakhulu ukuphathwa kokwelashwa kwesifo sofuba, isebenza ngezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa izenzo zokuvimbela ukulwa namagciwane, ukuvimbela ukuvimbela umzimba, nokuvimbela ukuvimbela.
Imithi yama-antiretroviral isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-HIV
Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule, kuye kwaba nokuthuthukiswa okukhulu ekwelapheni ukutheleleka nge-HIV, futhi abantu abaningi abanesifo baphila nge-AIDS. (Ingculazi yisimo esibi kakhulu sokutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculaza okutholakala ngemuva kokuthi izinga lamaseli amhlophe egazini liwehla kabi.)
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezidakamizwa ezidambisigciwane:
- protease inhibitors
- i-fusion inhibitors
- i-nucleoside / nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- ama-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- ukungena inhibitors
- I-HIV integrase strand ukudlulisa inhibitors (INSTIs)
Lezi zidakamizwa zihlose izigaba ezihlukahlukene zomjikelezo we-virtual replication. Inothi, ama-retrovirus aphindaphinda ngokubhaliselwa okuphambene.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lolu hlu alukho olunzulu, futhi kukhona nezinye izidakamizwa eziningana ezithinta izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ngolwazi olulinganayo, izindlela zokusebenza ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokuba zihanjiswe lapha. Esikhundleni salokho, sizazisa lesi sihloko njengesiqalo esihlokweni.
Imithombo ekhethiwe
Elston DM. Isahluko 231. Izidakamizwa ze-Antiviral. Ku: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K. eds. Dermatology ka-Fitzpatrick ku-General Medicine, 8e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. Kufinyelelwe ngoJulayi 01, 2015.
I-Safrin S. Ama-Antiviral Agents. Ku: Katzung BG, Trevor AJ. ama-eds. I-Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 13e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015 Ifinyelele ngoJulayi 1, 2015.