Uma ukulahlwa noma ukucwaswa ...
Akukho mthetho owodwa ohlanganisa abantu abayizithulu nabanzima bokuzwa. Esikhundleni salokho, imithetho eminingi ikhuluma ngokungalaleli nokuzwa ukulahlekelwa njengokukhubazeka, neminye imithetho ibaluleke kakhulu kunabanye.
Ukutholwa Kokuqala Nokuzwa (EHDI) kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zihlolwe ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa ngaphambi kokushiya esibhedlela. Uma ukuhlolwa kokuqala kungadluliswanga, ukuhlolwa kokulalela ukuzwa ukuhlolwa kufanele kugcwaliswe ezinyangeni ezintathu ubudala.
Uma ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa kukhona, ukubhaliswa ohlelweni lokusungula uhlelo lokuqala luzogcwaliswa ngezinyanga ezingu-6.
Abantu abane-Disability Education Act (IDEA) banikeza mahhala, izinsizakalo zokusiza zangaphambi kwesikhathi kusukela ekuzalweni kuya eminyakeni engu-3 ubudala futhi zihlanganisa iminyaka yesikole (iminyaka engu-3-21). Uma umfundi efaneleka ngaphansi kwe-IDEA noma enesiphakamiso esingu-504, isikole kumele siqinisekise ukuthi izinsiza zokuzwa zisebenza ngendlela efanele, umfundi unokufinyelela kwezobuchwepheshe bokusiza (njenge-FM), nokuthi labo abasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokusiza-kubandakanya othisha - baqeqeshwe kahle ekunakekeleni nasekusetshenzisweni kwalowo buchwepheshe.
AbakwaMelika abakhubazekile (ADA) banezigaba ezinhlanu. Isihloko ngigxile emsebenzini futhi ngisebenza kumabhizinisi anabasebenzi abangu-15 noma ngaphezulu. Okwesibili uqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi kanye nezinhlelo zikaHulumeni basekhaya kanye nezindawo zifinyeleleka kubantu abakhubazekile. Isihloko III sithi wonke amabhizinisi avuleka emphakathini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isayizi, kufanele afinyeleleke.
Isihloko IV sakha inkonzo yesevisi yomhlaba wonke ukwenza uhlelo lwefoni lutholakale kubantu abanokukhubazeka kokuzwa kanye / noma ukukhubazeka kwenkulumo. Isihloko V siyisigaba esihlukile.
Ngenkathi i-ADA isebenza ezindaweni ezivamile, i-Fair Housing Act isebenza ezindaweni zokuhlala. I-Fair Housing Act ivimbela ukubandlulula kubantu abakhubazekile emakhaya noma emakhaya.
Iqinisekisa abahlinzeki bendlu ukuthi benze izindawo ezifanele zokufinyelela futhi bavumele abantu abakhubazekile ukuba benze izinguquko ezifanele (nakuba lokhu kungase kube ngokwezindleko zabo) ezindlini. Lesi senzo saqinisekisa ukuthi izindlu ezinamakhaya amaningi ezihlanganisiwe zihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile zokufinyeleleka.
Umthetho we-21st Century Communications and Access Accessibility Act (CVAA) wenziwa ngo-2010 nguMongameli Obama. I-CVAA ivuselele imithetho yokuxhumana ye-federal futhi ifaka ukufinyelela okufinyeleleka kwi-intanethi kubantu abakhubazekile.
I-Compliance Accept Aid Act idinga ukuthi zonke izingcingo, kufaka phakathi amakholi angenantambo e-digital, zizwa ngokuhambisanayo, zibhalwe ngokucacile, futhi i-ANSI ilinganiswe. Isilinganiso se-4 sisho ukuthi ifoni iyasetshenziswa, 5 ifanele ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile, kanti ukukala okungu-6 noma okungcono kubonisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ngezinsiza zokuzwa.
I-Air Carriers Access Act (ACAA) inikeza abantu abakhubazekile ngezindiza ze-US kanye namazwe angaphandle. Umuntu okhubazekile kufanele avumele ukuthi izindiza zikwazi ukukhubazeka nokuthi zidinga ukuxhumana kanjani. Lo Mthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi amathelevishini aqoshiwe esiteshini sezindiza futhi inja yensizakalo ingahamba nomnikazi wayo. Kwezinye izimo, njengabahambi abayizithulu, i-airline ingadinga umsizi wokuphepha ukuze ahambisane nomuntu onesifo sokukhubazeka.
Kunemithetho eminingi evikela amalungelo abantu abanokulahlekelwa kokuzwa; uma uzizwa ucwashiwe, isinyathelo sokuqala ukwazi ukuthi yimiphi imithetho etholakalayo ekuvikeleni kwakho.
> Imithombo:
> Umthetho waseMelika onokukhubazeka (nd). I-National Association of the Deaf .
> Ulwazi nolwazi lobuchwepheshe eMthethweni waseMelika okhubazekile (nd). UMnyango Wezobulungiswa we-United States Division of Rights Rights Division .
> Umtsetfo wokufinyeleleka kwezokuXhumana noVikela wamashumi amabili nanye wekhulu lokuqala. I-Federal Communications Commission .
> Abagibeli abakhubazekile (1/06/2010). Ukuvikelwa kwabaThengi kanye nokuqiniswa kwabaThengi - UMnyango wezokuThutha wase-US.
> Ukuzwa Usizo Lokusebenza Ukuhambisana Namakholi Engenantambo (nd). I-Federal Communications Commission.
> Amalungelo Okukhubazeka Ezindlu (nd). Indlu yezezindlu nezokuthuthukiswa komphakathi.
> Imininingwane Ngokuqala Ukuzwa Ukuzwa Nokungenelela (EHDI) Izinhlelo Zombuso (02/18/2015). Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo .
> Ukwakha ifa: IDEA 2004. UMnyango Wezemfundo wase-US .
Ehlelwe nguMelissa Karp, Au.D.