I-trivia ikumaze futhi ikumangaze
I-trivia ingaba mnandi futhi ithakazelise, ikakhulu uma ufunda ngento eseduze nekhaya. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unesifo sikashukela noma wazi umuntu owenzayo, ungase ufune ukufunda amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngalesi sifo. Ukubona ukuthi ukwelashwa okukhulu kuye kwavela kanjani kungaba namandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufunda okwengeziwe ngesifo sikashukela kungasiza ukwandisa ukuqwashisa kwakho futhi kukugqugquzele ukuthatha isilawuli.
Njengoba izwi lisho, ulwazi lungamandla.
Amaqiniso Okuthakazelisayo Ngesibili Sikashukela
Owokuqala owaziwa irekhodi elilotshiwe cishe elibhekisela kulesifo sikashukela laliyi-1500 BC ku-Eby yaseGibhithe i-papyrus. Kwakubhekisela ezimpawu zokuvuthwa njalo.
Izimpawu zesifo sikashukela ezifana nokoma, ukulahlekelwa isisindo, kanye nokuvuthwa ngokweqile kwabonakala iminyaka engaphezu kwe-1200 ngaphambi kokuba lesi sifo sabizwe.
Udokotela waseGrisi u-Aretaeus (30-90 CE) wabizwa ngokuza negama elithi "isifo sikashukela." Wabhala isifo ngezimpawu ezifana nokuhlala njalo (polydipsia), ukuvuthwa ngokweqile (polyuria) kanye nokulahlekelwa isisindo. Wabiza lesi simo "isifo sikashukela," okusho "ukugeleza."
UDkt. Thomas Willis (1621-1675) obizwa ngokuthi yisifo sikashukela "ububi obubi" futhi wachaza umchamo wabantu abanesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-2 ngokuthi "okumnandi kakhulu, njengokungathi kwakunobuthi noma ushukela." Wayengowokuqala ukuchaza ubuhlungu nokukhwabanisa emndenini wesifo sikashukela ngenxa yesifo sikashukela.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, odokotela babezohlola isifo sikashukela ngokunambitha umchamo ukuze babone ukuthi kwakumnandi. Abantu abaye banambitha umchamo ukuze bahlole isifo sikashukela babizwa ngokuthi "amanzi amanzi." Ezinye izinyathelo zokuxilonga zazifaka ukuhlola ukubona ukuthi izintuthwane noma izimpukane zithinta umchamo.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1850, udokotela waseFrance okuthiwa u-Priorry welule iziguli zakhe isifo sikashukela ukuba adle ushukela oluningi. Ngokusobala, leyo ndlela yokwelashwa ayizange ihlale, njengoba ushukela landisa uketshezi wegazi.
- Emuva ngosuku, kwakungekho amamitha wegazi glucose. Esikhundleni salokho, bavivinya ushukela wegazi besebenzisa umchamo. Ngo-1941, i-Ames Diagnostics isebenzisa amaphilisi okuhlola i-Clinitest® e-urinary sugar urine ukuhlola umchamo. Lokhu kwakusho ukuxuba umchamo namanzi emgodini wokuhlola bese wengeza iphilisi elincane le-blue elibangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungabangela ukulimala okukhulu ngokomzimba ngenxa yokushisa okwedlulele. Umbala weketshezi wawuzokhombisa ukuthi ngabe kune-glucose emcinini.
Ngo-1969-1970, imitha yokuqala yegazi ye-glucose ephathekayo yadalwa ngu-Ames Diagnostics. Kwakubizwa ngokuthi i-Ames Reflectance Meter (ARM). Ames kamuva waba yingxenye yeBayer. Idivayisi ibheka okuningi njengamadivayisi we-tricorder asetshenziselwa uchungechunge lwe-Star Trek lokuqala. Ibiza ama-dollar ayi-650 futhi kuphela odokotela abangayisebenzisa emikhubeni yabo noma ezibhedlela. I-portable blood glucose yamamitha yokusetshenziswa ekhaya iziguli ayithengiswa e-US kuze kube ngu-1980.
UDkt. Richard Bernstein, umbhali wencwadi ethandwayo ethi uDkt. Bernstein's Diabetes Solution , wayengumuntu wokuqala ukusebenzisa imitha ephathekayo ukuhlola amazinga ashukela egazini lakhe ekhaya. Wayengumjiniyela ngaleso sikhathi futhi enempilo embi ngenxa ye-type 1 yesifo sikashukela. Wathola imitha ye-ARM yayitshela kuphela odokotela. Ngenxa yokuthi wayengeyena odokotela ngaleso sikhathi, wakhuluma nomkakhe (owayengumhlengikazi) ukuze athole idivayisi kuye. Isimo sakhe sikashukela sathuthuka kakhulu. Wabe esekhankasela amamitha asekhaya wegazi we-glucose wamamitha ukusetshenziswa kwesiguli ekhaya. Akakwazanga ukuthola amaphephandaba ezokwelapha ukuze ashicilele izifundo zakhe, ngakho-ke eneminyaka engama-43 ubudala waya esikoleni sezokwelapha futhi waba isazi se-endocrinologist.
UDkt. Elliott P. Joslin, umsunguli we-Joslin Diabetes Center, wayengudokotela wokuqala ukuba ahlose isifo sikashukela futhi akhuthaze ukuzimela. Waba nesithakazelo ngemuva kokuba u-anti wakhe ehlonzwe futhi watshelwa ukuthi kwakungekho ukwelashwa kanye nethemba elincane. Wafa ngesifo sikashukela ngemva kwesikhathi eside. Unina wathola ukuthi unyaka owaqala ukusebenza ngawo ngo-1898 (eminyakeni embalwa emva kokufa kuka-anti wakhe). Wamsiza ukuba aphathe isifo sikashukela futhi waphila iminyaka engaphezulu kwengu-10 eyayiyinto enkulu kakhulu kulezi zikhathi.
UDkt. Elliot P. Joslin uthe isifo sikashukela "siyisifo esihle kunazo zonke izifo ezingelapheki" ngenxa yokuthi "zihlanzekile, zivame ukungaboni kahle, zingenasifo esithathelwanayo, zivame ukungabi nabuhlungu futhi zithinte ukwelashwa."
Ngo-1916, uDkt. Frederick M. Allen wethula uhlelo lokuphulukisa esibhedlela oluvimbela iziguli zesifo sikashukela ku-whiskey exutshwe ikhofi emnyama (isobho esicacile sabangewona abaphuza). Iziguli zanikezwa le ngxube njalo amahora amabili kuze kube yilapho ushukela wanyamalala emcimbini (ngokuvamile ezinsukwini ezinhlanu). Bese banikezwa ukudla okuphansi kakhulu kwe-carbohydrate. Lolu hlelo lwaba nemiphumela engcono yokwelashwa ngesikhathi salo. Umsebenzi ka-Allen wagxila uDkt. Elliot P. Joslin owawusebenzisa njengesizathu sokutadisha nokukwelashwa kwekhalori.
UDkt. Priscilla White waphawula ukwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela ngesikhathi ekhulelwe. Wajoyina umkhuba kaDkt. Elliott P. Joslin ngo-1924 lapho izinga lokuphumelela kwesibusiso laliyi-54%. Ngesikhathi sokuthatha umhlalaphansi wakhe ngo-1974, izinga lokuphumelela kwe-fetal laliyi-90%.
Ngaphambi kuka-1921, ukwelashwa kokuzikhethela uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela se-2 kwaba yindlala noma indlala.
Ngomnyaka we-1922, i-pancreas itholakale ibe nendima ekushukela kwesifo sikashukela. Abacwaningi bacwaninga ukugaya, basuse ama-pancre kusuka ezinja ezifuywayo ebhodini. Umsizi waphawula inqwaba yezintuthwane ezithandwa umchamo wezinja. Umchamo wahlolwa futhi watholakala ukuthi unesisindo esiphakeme kakhulu soshukela.
Thayipha u-1 futhi uthayiphe isifo sikashukela sesi-2 sahlukaniswa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1936. Noma kunjalo, umehluko wawunqatshelwe ngawo-1700 lapho udokotela ephawula abanye abantu ababhekene nesimo esingapheli kunabanye abafa emasontweni angaphansi kwamahlanu ngemva kokuqala kwezimpawu.
Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organization, inani labantu abaningi abanesifo sikashukela kulinganiselwa eNingizimu East Asia nasezindaweni zasentshonalanga yePacific, okubalwa cishe isigamu sesifo sikashukela emhlabeni.
Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organization, abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-422 abaphila nesifo sikashukela emhlabeni jikelele (idatha kusukela ngo-2014), cishe cishe kabili ukusabalala kusukela ngo-1980.
Ngo-1942, kwaqala ukutholakala imithi yokuqala yomlomo wesifo sikashukela, i-sulfonylurea (imithi evuselela ama-pancreas ukukhiqiza i-insulin).
- Ngo-1963 isibonelo sokuqala se-insulin 'pump' esanikeza i-glucagon kanye ne-insulin yayifana nesikhwama futhi yasungulwa nguDkt. Arnold Kadish.
Namhlanje kunezigaba ezingaphezu kuka- 7 zemithi yomlomo ukusiza ukuphatha nokwelapha uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-2.
Abantu abane-type 2 yesifo sikashukela bangasebenzisa izijova ezingenayo insulin, i- GLP-1 agonists yokwelashwa nokuphathwa kohlobo lwe-2 lwesifo sikashukela.
Ngo-2016, i-Federal Drug Administration yavuma uhlelo lokuqala lokuvala i-insulin yokuletha uhlelo olubizwa nge-Minimed 670G uhlelo.
Ngo-2017, imitha yokuqala ye-glucose ngaphandle kokunamathela komunwe wehla emakethe yase-US. I-Freestyle Libre System isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamuva ukuhlinzeka ukufundwa kwe-glucose ngesikhathi sangempela njalo ngomzuzu usebenzisa inzwa engakaqaliwe (akudingeki ukuba uyilinganise ngenduku yomunwe, lokhu kwenziwa efektri).
Ngo-2018, i-FDA ivume ukusetshenziswa kwe -agonist entsha ye- GLP-1 , i -Ozempic ye-Novo Nordisk (i-semaglutide), njengesondlo sokudla nokuzivocavoca kokwelapha uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela kubantu abadala. I-Semaglutide yi-agonist ye-GLP-1 yesikhombisa ukuze ivunyelwe e-United States kanye neyesine ngesiguli esisodwa ngeviki ukuthola imvume.
Izinsiza:
1. I-World Health Organization. Umbiko we-Global on Diabetes.
2. I-Diabetes.co.uk. Umlando wesifo sikashukela.