Eminyakeni Eminyaka kamuva, i-Chernobyl isabandakanyeka emithethweni ye-Thyroid neminye yempilo
Ngo-Ephreli 26, 1986 ngo-1: 23 ekuseni, izinto zaseChernobyl, idolobhana elincane emazweni aseSoviet, laphuka kakhulu. Namuhla igama elithi "Chernobyl" liyigugu lokuthinta, igama elilodwa elisho "inhlekelele yenukliya" kubantu emhlabeni jikelele. I-Chernobyl, empeleni, yingozi engozini yenuzi emlandweni. Ngisho noma ingozi eyenziwa ngo-March 2011 iFukushima ibhekwa njengento "engathí sina" njengeChernobyl yiziphathimandla zenuzi, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukukhululwa kwemisebe eJapane kwakungaphansi kweChernobyl, futhi ukuwa kwezemvelo kwakungekho emthethweni encane kwezinye izifunda.
Noma kunjalo, kungase kube iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba sazi ukuthi i-Chernobyl izoqhubeka yini ukubamba umehluko ongathandabuzeki wokuthi yiyona nhlekelele enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Kunoma yikuphi, uChernobyl uye waba nesithakazelo kakhulu odokotela bezitholampilo neziguli, ngoba enye ye-radioisotopes ekhishwe ngesikhathi sezingozi ze-nyukliya - kuhlanganise nenhlekelele ye-Chernobyl-iodine 131, eyaziwa nangokuthi iodine ye-radioactive noma i-radioiodine.
I-iodine 131 inemizuzu engamatshumi ayisificaminwembili, okusho ukuthi isigamu sayo sichitha zonke izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili. Lokhu kuphila kwengxenye ende (uma uyiqhathanisa namanye ama-radiosotopes, anemizuzu engama-half imizuzu noma imizuzu) kusho ukuthi iodine e-radioactive ingangena ngokushesha ekunikezeni ukudla kwabantu ngokungcolisa izitshalo, izilwane, namanzi ngaphambi kokuba inani eliphawulekayo lokubola kwama-radiation nama-disperses. Uma usungenwe, ioday i-radioactive igxila kuphela emgodini we-thyroid, lapho imisebe ingabangela ukubhujiswa komgogodla, noma usebenze njengengxenye yesikhathi eside ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza wegciwane nezinye izinkinga ze-thyroid.
Izingane ezincane nezinsana, eziye zahlakulela futhi zikhula ngokusheshisa kwe-gland, zithinteka kakhulu ekuvezweni kwe-iodine ye-radioactive, futhi imiphumela yokuchayeka ibuye ibuye ibonakale ngokushesha kakhulu kubantwana uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abadala. Izingane nazo zingabathengi abakhulu bokubisi, futhi uma izinkomo zidla utshani obune-iodine obuhlaza, ama-iodine agxila kakhulu ebisi, okwenza ubisi kusetshenziswe enye indlela eyisihluthulelo sokudonswa kwe-iodine yama-radioactive.
Kubalulekile ukubukeza umlando othile ngemuva kwengxabano yaseChernobyl, kanye nomthelela wezempilo wezinkinga, hhayi kuphela empilweni ye -roid, kodwa neminye imiphumela yempilo.
Ezinye ze-Chernobyl Geography neMlando Wezombangazwe
Idolobha elincane laseChernobyl lisesifundazweni - esaziwa ngokuthi "i-Oblast" - yesifunda saseKiev e-Ukraine. Ngo-1986, i-Ukraine yayingumbuso walokho okwakusaseSoviet Union. I-Chernobyl itholakala ngamakhilomitha angu-110 ukusuka eKiev, engamakhilomitha angu-22 ukusuka emngceleni we-Ukraine neGomel Oblast yaseBelarus, futhi eduze ne-Bryansk Oblast yaseRussia. Isifunda saseChernobyl kwakuyinhloko yendawo egcwele abalimi abancane.
Izitshalo zenuzi, ezakhiwe njengengxenye yohlelo lwezikhali zenukliya zaseSoviet Union, zaziqhele ngamamayela amabili ngaphandle kwengxenye enkulu yedolobha laseChernobyl ngokwayo. Lo mkhiqiza wawukhona ekuhlanganiseni kwemifula emibili, i-Pripyat ne-Uh, eduze nenqolobane yaseKiev, eyanikeza amanzi amaningi ukupholisa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sitshalo saguqulelwa ukuba sisetshenziswe njengesiteshi samandla angasese.
Inqubomgomo esemthethweni yaseSoviet kwakuwukunciphisa ukwabiwa kolwazi noma ukuxoxa ngezinkinga ezihlobene nokwakhiwa, ukugcinwa, kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza ezitshalweni zenuzi. Manje siyazi ukuthi ngenxa yalokho kucabangela ukucabanga okuncane, kulo lonke elaseSoviet Union, kwakukhona ukuqeqeshwa okuncane, izinhlekelele, nokulungele izimo eziphuthumayo zenyukliya, futhi uChernobyl wayengekho.
ISoviet Union nayo isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sezombusazwe esashiya eMoscow sinamandla amakhulu phezu kwama-republic and regions, ngakho-ke isifunda saseChernobyl, njengengxenye ye-Ukraine, sasingaphansi komthetho wezombangazwe wabenzi bezinqumo ezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha eMoscow.
Ngenxa yalokho, ngenkathi inhlekelele yenuzi ishaywa eChernobyl, abasebenzi bezitshalo kanye nezakhamuzi zakhona babengakulungele ukuphendula ngokufanele ingozi yenuzi, kepha impendulo yanyuka, njengoba iziphathimandla zendawo zilindele isiqondiso esivela eMoscow. Kuye kwabikwa ukuthi ngisho nemisakazo iphuma egijimini elikhubazekile, izingane zithunyelwa esikoleni, umshado wangaphandle wawuqhutshwa, umdlalo webhola wenziwa, futhi izakhamuzi zendawo zahamba ezidobeni zokupholisa ezakhiweni zenuzi.
Ngokusho kwemibiko yeZizwe Ezihlangene (1), empeleni kwakuyizinsuku ezimbili ezigcwele - ngemuva kokuba isisindo esisodwa sishaywe, kanti okwesibini kwaba semlilo - ngaphambi kokuba uMoscow avume ukuthi "okuthile" kwenzeke eChernobyl, kancane kancane wembula ubukhulu bezinhlekelele.
Kwenzekani E-Chernobyl?
I-International Atomic Energy Agency ichaze ukuthi kwenzekani ngenxa yenhlekelele yenukliya yaseChernobyl. Kubikwa ukuthi ngenkathi abasebenzi beqhuba u-Reactor Four, ukuqhuma kwamandla amakhulu kuhlasela isitshalo seChernobyl, okubangelwa ukuqhuma nomlilo, okwakhipha umshini omkhulu wemisebe emkhathini. Ukuklanywa kwamakhamera aseChernobyl kwakubhekwa kungakapheli isikhathi, futhi kwakungenaso isakhiwo sokuzivikela ukuvikela indawo ezungezile kusuka emisebeni ejulile. Ukuqhuma kwe-Reactor Four kukhishwe izakhi ezingaphezu kwezingu-100 zomsakazo emvelweni.
Abasebenzi ababili kulesi sitshalo babulawa ngokushesha. Abaningi abaphendulile bokuqala babike ukuthi bafe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba basabele kule ngozi, futhi iningi lingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu zokuqhuma kokuqala. Abagibeli bezindiza abasebenza kule ndawo ezinsukwini zakudala baqeda ukuthunyelwa eMoscow bezokwelapha ezinsukwini ezingamasonto namasonto okusiza ukufaka ingozi.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala, cishe abangaba ngu-49,000 izakhamuzi ezifudukayo zaxoshwa endaweni, kodwa zatshelwa ukuthi zizohlala zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu kuphela.
Emasontweni alandelayo, ukuqhuma okungaphezulu kwenzeka, kodwa izingozi eziya esifundeni zenqatshelwa noma zinciphiswa. Izikhulu zaseSoviet azizange zivume ezinye zezibhamu ezalandela kulesi sitshalo, futhi ziqinisekisa umphakathi ukuthi lesi simo sasiqiniseke ngokuphelele nokuthi amazinga ashukumisayo okwakusakazwa yiyo ndawo ajwayelekile.
Ngenyanga kaMeyi ka-1986, inyanga ngemva kwenkathi, abantu abangaphezu kuka-116 000 endaweni eyayizungeze amakhilomitha angu-18 babedluliselwe. Eminyakeni ezayo, inani labantu ekugcineni labahlali basuke lalinganiselwa ku-230 000, ngokusho kwe-US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Manje siyazi ukuthi indawo enkulu kakhulu impela yayidalulwe emisebeni evela eChernobyl.
Embikweni ka-2006 ovela kuGreenPeace obizwa ngokuthi iChernobyl Catastrophe: Imiphumela emphakathini wezeMpilo , i-panel international ososayensi, ochwepheshe abaningi abavelele emasimini abo kanye nabanye abacwaningi besikhathi eside abake beqaphe iChernobyl kusukela ngo-1986, bathi:
Lesi senzakalo somhlaba wonke sinezimpembelelo ezinkulu emiphakathini yamazwe aseSoviet amathathu ayengumakhelwane, okungukuthi amazwe asezimele manje e-Ukraine, eBelarus naseRussia. Nokho, impembelelo, yanda kakhulu kakhulu. Ngaphezulu kwengxenye ye-cesium-137 eyakhishwa ngenxa yokuqhuma kwaqhutshwa emkhathini kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Amanye amazwe angu-14 eYurophu (i-Austria, i-Sweden, iFinland, i-Norway, iSlovenia, iPoland, iRomania, i-Hungary, iSwitzerland, i-Czech Republic, i-Italy, iBulgaria, i-Republic of Moldova ne-Greece) yayingcoliswa amazinga emisebe ngaphezu kwemingcele eyayisetshenziselwa ukuchaza izindawo ezifana "ezingcolile." Izingozi ezingezansi, kodwa ezingenakubalwa zomsakazo ohlangene nengozi yaseChernobyl zitholakala kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu, kusukela eScandinavia kuya eMedithera nase-Asia. (2)
Emuva e-Chernobyl ngokwayo, amaqembu okuthiwa yi "liquidators" alethwe ukusiza ukuqukatha imisebe, asuse ama-debris, futhi ekugcineni, ukusiza ukwakha isakhiwo esikhulu sekhonkrithi - esibizwa ngokuthi "sarcophagus" - ukuvala uphawu i-reactor. Ithimba labasebenzi abangu-250,000 abakhiwe, bonke kuthiwa baye bavezwa, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, emkhawulweni wokuphila kwemisebe, bahlanganyela kulokho okucatshangwa ukuthi yiyona ndlela enkulu kunazo zonke kwezobunjiniyela emlandweni, futhi ngasekupheleni kuka-1986, babenqotshwe isakhamera saseChernobyl esise-sarcophagus.
Imiphumela Yempilo yeChernobyl
Bangaki abantu ababhekene nemiphumela yezempilo evela eChernobyl? Empeleni kunzima ukulinganisa izinga lomonakalo empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. Ulwazi luyahlukahluka, kuye ngokuthi luvela ohulumeni baseSoviet ngesikhathi sengozi, ohulumeni bamanje, ama-ejensi omhlaba wonke, noma amaqembu azimele.
Ngokombiko weZizwe Ezihlangene:
Kulabo ababulawa eChernobyl, abantu abangu-35 babikezwa ukuthi babe "esimweni esibucayi," kanti abayisithupha bafile. I-toll yavuka ngo-31 ngasehlobo ka-1986, futhi lapho yahlala khona. Akekho phakathi kwabaningi abasolwa ngokusemthethweni abahlukunyeziwe beChernobyl abake bangezwe kulolu hlu: ukufa kwabo bekubangelwa ezinye izimbangela. (3)
I-US Nuclear Regulatory Commission ibike ukuthi ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zesifundazwe azizange zithole isilinganiso somswakama ophakeme kakhulu kunesijwayelekile, nokuthi akukho nhlobo yokwanda komdlavuza oye wathola. Babike ukuthi abantwana kuphela abonise ukwanda komdlavuza wegciwane - amacala angu-4 000 engeziwe - nokuthi 99% kulawo macala "aphulukisiwe." (4)
Kokubili ama-akhawunti asemthethweni abonakala engaphansi. I-case in point is a report from the Scientific Committee ye-UN on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), eyaphawula ukuthi ngo-2005, kuthiwa izakhamuzi zaseRussia, Ukraine naseBelarus zathola ukuthi kune-cancer yesifo.
Kunoma yikuphi, isidingo sokususa igciwane lengane yengane ngenxa yomdlavuza angeke kubonakale "njengokwelashwa" ngomqondo wegama. Izingane zaseChernobyl ziye zahlala, futhi zizoqhubeka ziboshwe ngezindaba zezempilo ngenxa ye-"thyroid" yazo zonke izikhathi zokuphila kwazo, kanti ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi imiphumela yezofuzo ingaqhubeka esizukulwaneni esilandelayo. Kusuka eHarvard University, isifundo eshicilelwe eMibono Yempilo Yemvelo sibheke umphumela wesifo somdlavuza we-thyroid kusuka kuma-iodine angu-131 ase-Ukraine angaphezu kuka-12 000 ama-Ukraine angaphezu kuka-18 abaye babhekwa yimisebe ngesikhathi seChernobyl. Inani labantu lihlolwe izikhathi ezine phakathi kuka-1998 no-2008, futhi abacwaningi bathola lokhu okulandelayo:
- Kwakukhona ingozi enkulu yomdlavuza we-theroid eminyakeni engu-20 emva kokuchayeka kokuqala. Lo mngcipheko wawusungavumelani nalo lonke iqembu futhi kubonakala sengathi lithembeke kakhulu emkhatsini wezitshalo ngesikhathi sokungcola.
- Ingozi eyanda kakhulu yomdlavuza we-thyroid kwaba, ngokwesilinganiso, izikhathi ezingu-1,91 eziphakeme kuzo zonke izimpuphu ezengeziwe zemisebe. (Imfucumfucu ilingana nokuxiliswa komunye umdlalo wemisebe ye-ionizing ngayinye ye-kilogram yezicubu).
- Akukho bufakazi obonisa ukuthi lokhu kukhula kwengculaza engozini kulabo ababehlala endaweni ngesikhathi sengozi kunciphisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umbiko uthi futhi, "Ucwaningo lwangaphambili lwabasindile bombhomu luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngisho neminyaka engama-30 ngemuva kokushisa imisebe yokuqala, izingozi zomdlavuza zikhona futhi azibi kakhulu kuze kube sekupheleni kwalokhu." (6)
Ngo-1989, i- Time Magazine yathatha indaba ngokuqhubekayo okuzungeze iChernobyl, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezingane ezahlala endaweni, futhi zatholakala emisebeni yesikhathi eside. Le ndaba icaphuna abahlukahlukene bezombusazwe nabasosayensi, ababesolwa ngohulumeni waseSoviet ngokuthi bahlukumeze amazinga okungcola - bakholelwa ukuthi empeleni kwakunezikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-20 kunalokho okwabikiwe - kanye nesimiso sokuphumula kwalabo abasendaweni eqondile yomgwaqo.
Isikhulu esisodwa, "ukukhishwa kwezingane kwaphela ngo-Juni 7. Akumangalisi ukuthi kunezingane eziningi ezigulayo esifundeni sethu, ikakhulukazi labo abane-hyperplasia ye-gland gland." Le ndaba yaqhubeka yaqaphela ukuthi lokhu nezinye izifo ezihlobene nemisakazo, njenge-leukemia, kuthiwa zihlehlisiwe njengezimiso ezingenacala ezingenacala. (7)
Abagqugquzeli ku-GreenPeace banombono ongenathemba kakhulu. Embikweni wabo ka-2006 weChernobyl Catastrope , baqaphele izinga elibanzi lokubhujiswa, bethola ukuthi ngenkathi imibiko esemthethweni ithi abantu abangaba ngu-4 000 abangaphezu kwesilinganiso abafele eBelarus, e-Ukraine naseRussia kusukela kule ngozi, ochwepheshe ababandakanyekile ekuqaliseni umbiko weGreenPeace aboniswe okungenani abantu abangu-200 000 abafa ngenxa yesimiso somphakathi ofanayo.
Umbiko we-GreenPeace uphinde wabonisa ukuthi:
- Phakathi kwamakhemikhali aseBelarussian - abantu abaye basiza ukuhlanza ingozi - izifo zezinso, urinary / isisu nomdlavuza wegciwane konke kwaphakama kakhulu kusukela esikhathini sika-1993 kuya ku-2003 ngokuqhathaniswa neqembu elibhekisela ekuboneni. I-leukemia yayiphakeme nakakhulu kuma-liquidators avela e-Ukraine, kubantu abadala aseBelarus nasezinganeni ezisezindaweni ezingcolisiwe kakhulu zaseRussia nase-Ukraine.
- Phakathi kwamakhemikhali ngokuvamile, amanye angu-88% abonise ubufakazi bokushintsha kwe-chromosomal kumaseli abo amhlophe egazi.
- Kusukela ngo-1995 kuya phambili, ukwedluliswa kwamaqanda wesisu, amaphaphu, isifuba, i-rectum, i-colon, i-gland yegciwane, umthambo we-bone kanye ne-lymph system nazo zitholakale ezindaweni eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifunda. Esifundeni saseTula, amazinga aphakeme kakhulu emdlavuza wethambo kanye namanqamu wesistimu yezinzwa eziphakathi ayatholakala ezinganeni phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngo-1990-1994.
- Kwakukhona ukucaciswa okubanzi kwezinhlelo zokuphefumula ezakhiweni ezivuthayo ezikhishwe efomini yegesi ngesikhathi sengozi yaseChernobyl. Izibalo ze-Ministry of Health yase-Ukraine ziveza ukukhuphuka kwe-bronchitis kanye ne-emphysema engaba ngu-300 kubantu abayi-10 000 ngo-1990 kuya kwabangaphezu kuka-500 kuya ku-10 000 kubantu abadala nabaseminyakeni yobudala ngo-2004. Ngesikhathi esifanayo le-bronchial asthma isifo se-asthma iphindwe kabili, ifike ku-55.4 amacala angama-10,000 inani labantu.
- Phakathi kuka-1988 no-1999, i-atherosclerosis yokuqala ne-coronary heart disease yaba izikhathi ezingu-10 kuya kwezi-15 ezivame kakhulu ezikhungweni eziphuthumayo ezivela endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-18 ezungeze iChernobyl, nalabo abahlala ezindaweni ezingcoliswa yimisebe, uma kuqhathaniswa nomphakathi jikelele.
- Isifo sesimiso se-endocrine, ukuphazamiseka kokudla okunomsoco, isifo samangqamuzana, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwamagciwane kwakungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili phakathi kwezikhukhula ezivela endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-18 nalabo ababesezindaweni ezingcolisiwe, uma kuqhathaniswa naso sonke isizwe saseBelarussian.
- Ezindaweni ezithintekile zaseChernobyl zaseRussia, kwaba nokwanda okuphindwe kabili ekukhuselweni kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza. Ngokuyinhloko, izinombolo ezincishisiwe zamangqamuzana egazi ezimhlophe zabonwa, kanye nomsebenzi oncishisiwe we-T-lymphocytes namaseli wokubulala, kanye nesifo esiphezulu sezifo ezifana ne-thrombocytopenia ne-anemia.
- Ukutadisha izakhamuzi ezimbalwa zase-Ukraine ngaphambi nangemva kwengozi yaseChernobyl kwembula ukunyuka kwesithupha ngokuphindaphindiwe kwezinguquko zomsakazo we-chromosomal, okubonakala kubhekwe nezingane zabo. Ama-chromosomal aberrations acatshangwa ukuthi abhekene neChernobyl aye alotshwe kude njengase-Austria, eJalimane naseNorway.
- Ngisho namazinga aphansi ahambisana nemisebe ingabangela ezinye izinga lomonakalo ohlelweni oluyisisekelo nolwazi lwezinzwa. Kunzima ukuhlola izinga eligcwele lokulimala kwamagciwane kusuka emisebeni yaseChernobyl, kodwa ama-liquidators avela eRussia, kubika izifo zezinzwa njengezifo ezivame ukwedlula emva kwe-Chernobyl. Izifo ezingenangqondo nezengqondo phakathi kwabantu abadala ezindaweni ezingcolile ngama-Belarus nazo zazivame kakhulu kunezo ezivela ezindaweni ezingathintekile (31.2% uma kuqhathaniswa no-18.0%).
I-Greenpeace akuyona iqembu elilodwa elikhathazekile ngemiphumela yezempilo yeChernobyl.
Ku-athikili eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Journal on Environmental Perspectives, ososayensi abavela eMoscow banikeze ubufakazi obonisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwezikhali zenuzi kwakungenzeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-26 kunalokho okubikiwe. Ngokusho kososayensi baseMoscow, kuphela izinto ezingu-10 kuya kwezingu-15 kuphela zemishini yokwenzela imisebe empeleni kushiywe ukuba zivalwe kwisakhiwo se-sarcophagus esifana ne-reactor eyonakalisiwe, ngokuphathelene ne-90% eyayibikwe yiziphathimandla. Baphetha ngokuthi amazinga okushisa ama-radiation ayengaphezulu kakhulu kunabanye ososayensi abaye bacabanga.
Ngenkathi i-World Health Organization (WHO) ilinganisa ukuthi amazinga okudonswa kwemisebe emiphakathini yabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezizungezile, iqondisa idatha yezinto eziphilayo eziphikisana nabanikazi be-WHO, ebonisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa kwe-chromosome elingaguquki futhi elizinzile lalingamaphesenti angaba ngu-10 kuya kwangu-100 ngaphezulu kunalindelwe, futhi ukukhululwa okukhulu kwe-radioactivity kunokubikwa.
Futhi, amazinga aphezulu okufa nokukhubazeka phakathi kwezinsana ayebonakala eJalimane, ePoland, eYurophu Ephakathi, eTurkey nakwayiSoviet Union ngemva nje kokuqhuma kweChernobyl.
Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezithintekayo ngokushesha zaseBelarus, e-Ukraine naseRussia, ukuwa kweChernobyl kwaba nemiphumela. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, i-Europe engaphezu kwama-40% yongcoliswa ukuwa kwe-Chernobyl, futhi imiphumela yezempilo kusukela ekuguqulweni kwe-chromosomal kuya emangalisweni yokuzalwa engumzimba nomdlavuza we-thyroid yabhalwa emazweni avela eNorway aye eTurkey.
- Ngasentshonalanga naseningizimu, kusukela eJalimane ukuya eCroatia eya eBulgaria naseTurkey, kwanda ukulimazeka ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kubhalwe ezinganeni ezazitholwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-Down syndrome, ejwayelekile ekuzalweni oku-1 ku-1 000, kepha yaphakanyiswa eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseScandinavia. Ukunyuka kwezibalo eziphawulekayo kubonakala ngoJanuwari 1987, okuhambisana nezingane ezikhulelwe ngesikhathi sokuwa kweChernobyl ephezulu (Sperling et al. 1994b). Izingane ezelwe empumalanga yeRomania phakathi kukaJulayi 1, 1986 kanye noDisemba 31, 1987 nazo zazivame kakhulu ukuhlushwa yi-leukemia ebuntwaneni kunezo ezizalwa ngaphambili noma emva kwalesi sikhathi.
- Engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Austria emasontweni ngemuva kwengozi, imifino efana nesipinashi nemifino yesaladi ayivunyelwe ukuthengiswa emphakathini. Ubisi, ikakhulukazi ubisi oluvela ezifundeni zase-alpine, lonakalisiwe ngaphezu konyaka. Ezindaweni ezingenayo imvula, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Austria, ama-iodine aphezulu emoyeni ayephezulu ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ezimbili lapho ifu le-radioactive lidlula khona. Odokotela kulezi zifunda babika ukuthi inani labantu abanezifo zegciwane landa kusukela ngo-1990 kuya phambili.
- Abakhiqizi abangaba ngu-3 000 bevela e-Armenia; Izingane ezinamashumi ayisishiyagalombili zalaba bantu zafundwa futhi zitholakala ukuthi ziningi kakhulu ezempilo, izimo zokuhlupheka ezibandakanya i-pyelonephritis yesibili, izinkinga zamathunjini, i-tonsillitis, i-hyperthermic convulsions kanye nesithuthwane. Izingane ezingu-15 kuphela (27.3%) zachazwa ngokuthi "zinempilo ekusebenzeni."
- I-Czech Republic ithole ukungena okubangelwa amazinga aphezulu okucolisa, futhi. Ucwaningo lomdlavuza wegciwane oluhlanganisa abantu abayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingama-247 wathola ukuthi phakathi kuka-1976 no-1990, umdlavuza wegciwane wawukhuphuka ngo-2% ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-1990 kuya phambili, izinga laphakama ngaphezu kwe-2% ukwanda ngonyaka.
- Umdlavuza we-thyroid wawukhuphuke kakhulu enyakatho yeNgilandi, ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu eCumbria, indawo eyathola ukuwa okukhulu kunengozi.
IPoland yathatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ukuvikela abantu bayo. Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi iChernobyl yayiyinsimu yasePoland amakhulu eminyaka. Namuhla, impendulo yasePoland kuChernobyl ibhekwa njengendlela yokwenza impendulo ephumelelayo yempilo yomphakathi engozini yenuzi. Ngemva kwengozi yaseChernobyl, iPoland yasakaza amaphilisi e-potassium iodide ezigidi zabantu. Lawa amaphilisi agcwalisa igciwane le-thyroid nge-iodine, evimbela ukungena kwe-iodine yomsakazo ngabantu basePoland ngemuva kwengozi yaseChernobyl. Abacwaningi kanye nezifo ze-epidemiologists bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwasiza ukuvimbela insipho emdlalweni wegciwane njengalabo abonwayo ezindaweni ezizungezile eziseduze neChernobyl.
I-Chernobyl: Ingabe Izifundo Zifunde?
Okuningi kwalokho esikuziyo namuhla mayelana nokuvikela abantu lapho kwenzeka ingozi yenuzi beza kulabo ababehlala eChernobyl. Siyakwazi ukuklama nokukwakha ama-reactors okungenzeka ukuthi afaka imisebe ekuqhekekeni okuphelele.
Kusukela endleleni yezempilo ye-thyroid, sinomqondo ongcono wokuthi yini okufanele silindele - izinga lomdlavuza we -roid lenyuke kulabo ababengavikelekile nge-iodide ye-potassium kanye nalabo abaphuza ubisi obonakaliswe ukungena.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba odokotela nabacwaningi abathintekayo kuGreenPeace "Umbiko weChernobyl Catastrophe" babika: "Ngokuqonda okuphelele okushiwo yengozi enkulu yezinto zenuzi ezempilo yabantu, kubonakala sengathi asihambanga phambili kunathi ngaphambili ngaphambi kokuqhuma kweChernobyl eminyakeni engu-20 edlule. "
Lokhu kwacaca emva kokuzamazama komhlaba kuka-March 2011 kanye ne-tsunami eJapane, okwakubangela ukuqubuka komshini we-nyukliya we-Fukushima. Inhlekelele yaseJapane yafika eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-25 ngosuku olulandelayo ngemva kweChernobyl. Kodwa ngisho nangesipiliyoni esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka ngekhulu lamandla enyukliya, ezweni elithembele kakhulu emandleni enyukliya, iJapane ibonise ukukhulumisana okungaqondakali kanye nokuphathwa kwalolu daba, izinhlelo ezingavumelaniyo futhi ezivame ukuphikisana nazo, futhi zenzeke ukuntuleka kwe-iodide ye-potassium kwezinye izifunda eziyinhloko. Okwamanje, emhlabeni jikelele, kuye kwaba khona ukungakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi i-iodide ye-potassium ingaba yini - futhi ayikwazi ukwenza - okuphuthumayo kwe-radiation; Kube khona ukugcinwa nokugcinwa kwe-iodide ye-potassium ngaphandle kweJapane, ukungcoliswa kokudla kwezilwandle, nokunye okukhathazayo okusele okuzoxazululwa. akucaci ukuthi izifundo eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu eChernobyl ziye zafundwa ngempela.
Imibhalo yaphansi
(1) IYunivesithi YeZizwe Ezihlangene "Umgwaqo Omude Wokubuyisela: Izimpendulo Zomphakathi Ezihlakalweni Zezimboni" ehlelwe nguJames Mitchell © 1996
(2) http://www.greenpeace.to/publications/Chernobyl_Health_Report.pdf
(3) http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0h.htm
(4) http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html
(5) http://www.endocrineweb.com/news/thyroid-cancer/4780-un-releases-report-chernobyl-survivors-thyroid-cancer
(6) http://content.hks.harvard.edu/journalistsresource/pa/society/health/thyroid-cancers-in-ukraine-related-to-the-chernobyl-accident/
(7) http://www.time.com/time/daily/chernobyl/891113.coverup.html
(8) http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3175469.htm
(9) http://www.greenpeace.to/publications/Chernobyl_Health_Report.pdf)
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867971
Izinkomba
- http://www.naturalnews.com/031793_hyperthyroidism_radiation.html
- http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/svc-grp-further-info.pag?mode=open&sid=94934299
- http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/544071
- http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/thyroid.shtml
- http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml
- http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl/faqs.shtml
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16881739
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16966081
- http://content.hks.harvard.edu/journalistsresource/pa/society/health/thyroid-cancers-in-ukraine-related-to-the-chernobyl-accident/
- http://www.endocrineweb.com/news/thyroid-cancer/4780-un-releases-report-chernobyl-survivors-thyroid-cancer
- http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/chernobyl.html
- http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0j.htm
- http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0h.htm
- http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html
- http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3175469.htm
- http://inthesenewtimes.com/2011/04/02/the-chernobyl-nuclear-catastrophe-unacknowledged-health-detriment/
- http://abcnewsradioonline.com/health-news/higher-cancer-risk-continues-after-chernobyl.html
- http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs303/en/index.html
- http://www.greenpeace.to/publications/Chernobyl_Health_Report.pdf
- http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art410fr.htm
- http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/739180
- http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtPrint/WSIHW000/24479/36146/1394299.html?d=dmtContent&hide=t&k=kusePrinta
- http://www.healthvermont.gov/enviro/rad/KI_fact.aspx
Umcwaningi / umlobi uLisa Moretti unikeze isandla kulokhu okushiwo.