Indlela yokugcina ephephile kule gciwane
Imisipha yegundane iyinhloko. Uma uhlala kwezinye izindawo (njengaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-US) bangaphezu kokukhulu. Zingaholela egazini eliyingozi elibizwa nge-hantavirus. Lokhu ukutheleleka kusakazwa ngamagundane, ikakhulukazi ama-droppings. Futhi nakuba ukuthola igciwane kungaba sína, ungathatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezilula ukunciphisa ingozi yakho.
Kuyini i-Hantavirus?
Kuyinto igciwane elingakwenza, kunzima kakhulu, lenze kube nzima ukuphefumula.
Ingathuthuka isifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-hantavirus syndrome. Ama-Hantavirus ayingxenye yomndeni we-bunyavirus wegciwane. Zonke ezinye amagciwane kulo mndeni zisakazwa yi-arthropods (njengezinambuzane) ngaphandle kwama-hantaviruses. Lezi yi-virus ye-RNA.
Iningi labantu abathola i-hantavirus bakhathele, banesifo somkhuhlane, futhi banesisindo somzimba. Imisipha ehamba kakhulu yimizimba emikhulu, kuhlanganise namathanga, iziqhwa, emuva, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amahlombe.
Abanye abagulayo bangabhekana nokuphathwa ikhanda, ukukhukhumeza, nokusizi, kanye nesicashu, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, kanye / noma ubuhlungu besisu. Cishe isigamu esizoqhubeka sigula sigule lezi zimpawu.
Abanye bayaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izimpawu ezinzima kakhulu. Lokhu kwenzeka cishe ngezinsuku ezingu-4 kuya kwezingu-10 ngemuva kokuqala izimpawu zokuqala. Izimpawu ezinzima zihlanganisa ukuphefumula nobunzima bokukhwehlela. Kuleli phuzu, amaphaphu angagcwalisa ngamanzi ayenzayo okwenza kube nzima iziguli ukuphefumula.
Kungenzeka ukuthi kuthatha amasonto ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayisishiyagalolunye ukusuka ekuvezweni kwamagundane (noma ama droppings) ukuze agula.
Bangaki Abantu Abathintekayo Nge-Hantavirus?
Kulabo abahlakulela i-Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, abantu abangaba ngu-3 kuya kwabangu-4 kwabangu-10 bayafa (bangama-36 kuya kwangu-38 amaphesenti abantu).
Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi abatholakali i-HPS.
Isifo esingavamile. Kusukela ngo-1993 kuze kube sekuqaleni kuka-2016, kuye kwaba namacala angu-659 atholakala e-US Ngaphambi kuka-1993, lesi sifo sasingakaziwa ngokomthetho (nakuba amacala aye abonakala ngokuphindaphindiwe, okuletha inani eliyi-690).
Uthola kanjani i-Hantavirus?
Uthola i-hantavirus kusuka kumagundane. Amagundane namagundane anegciwane ayaguli. Bangakwazi ukuzulazula bese bechitha igciwane ngokusebenzisa umchamo wabo kanye ne-droppings. Igciwane lingasakazeka ngamathe, okusho ukuthi yini abayitholayo ukuze ukudla noma isidleke singathwala igciwane. Emvelweni, igciwane lingahlala izinsuku eziningana ekomiseni imifino, umchamo kanye namathe.
Kunezindlela eziningi esingakwazi ukuxhumana nazo nge-mouse droppings, umchamo, namathe ngaphandle kokukwazi. Ukuvezwa kungaba:
- Kuvunguza: umchamo, ama-droppings, izinhlayiya ze-sali zivule emoyeni
- Ukuthintana ngqo: ukuthinta umchamo, ukuvuza, umquba
- Ukulunywa kumgundane onegciwane noma isilwane
Lokhu kungaba kusuka ekuhlanzeni igumbi lokugcina lapho amagundane noma ama-rats enza isidleke siphume kumamagazini. Kungaba ukuhamba ngezinyawo endaweni ethile bese ukanise endaweni egcwele. Kungaba ukuhlanza umbhede, lapho amagundane agijimele khona. Kungaba ukuphuma nokuthumela ama-droppings kanye nezinye izinhlayiya emoyeni, ezingaphefumulelwa khona.
Kungaba futhi ukuhlanza ikhefu elihlobo ngemuva kwebusika elide, lapho kuphela amagundane abe ngaphakathi kwangaleso sikhathi.
Ngamanye amazwi, kunezindlela eziningi zokuxhumana nobuningi bezinto ezingcolile ngamagundane anesifo, uma amagundane anesifo.
Uphi i-Hantavirus?
Ngenhlanhla, izindawo eziningi azinawo amagundane noma amagundane. I-Hantavirus ivame ukutholakala ibe se-Four Corners endaweni yase-United States. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-Arizona, i-New Mexico, i-Colorado, ne-Utah, kanye nezwe lamaNavajo ne-Hopi endaweni.
Amacala amasha asenzeke kwezinye izindawo eziseduze: iCalifornia (kuhlanganise neYosemite National Park), eWashington, eTexas, e-Montana, e-Idaho, e-Kansas, e-South Dakota, e-North Dakota nase-Oregon.
Ama-Virus ahlobene ne-Hantavirus
Kube khona amacala ama-hantavirusi afanayo kwamanye amazwe ase-US. E-Louisiana, kunegciwane le-Bayou elithwalwe umlingo welayisi. EFlorida, kukhona i-Black Creek Canal virus. E-New York, kwakukhona isifo segciwane manje elibizwa ngegciwane le-New York-1. Izifo ezibangelwa ama-virus afanayo azihlali zifana njalo, kodwa kube khona ukufana.
Abanye baye bagula ngama-hantaviruses ahlobene e-Argentina, eBrazil, eCanada, eParaguay nase-Uraguay.
Kukhona nezinye izidakamizwa ezihlobene kakhulu eYurophu nase-Asia ezibangela ukukhathazeka, kodwa ukugula okuhlukile: umkhuhlane oqhumayo nge-renal syndrome (HFRS). Lokhu kubangelwa kakhulu yigciwane lePuumala (PUUV) elitholakala ikakhulukazi eFinland naseSweden, kanye nasezindaweni ezihlathini zaseBelgium, eJalimane naseNetherlands futhi zisakazwa nge-voles. Kungabuye kubangelwe igciwane le-Tula (i-TULV), i-Hantaan virus (HTNV), ne-Seoul virus (SEOV).
Iziphi Izidakamizwa Ezingozi?
Ngisho emazweni nakwamanye amazwe lapho kune-Hantavirus, akuwona wonke amagundane namagundane azogonywa. Izinhlobo ezithile kuphela ezingathwala ama-Hantavirus kanye nama-virus athile aqondile kumagundane athile. Lezi zinduku zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezithile kuphela.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamagundane namagundane angasakaza igciwane. Amagundane ahlukene ahlakaza izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-hantavirus.
- Imouse yezinyamazane ingasakaza igciwane (Inkinga ye-Sin Nombre SNV). Bahlala emahlathini eNyakatho Melika, kodwa futhi bangaba ezindaweni zasemgwaqeni nasemakhaya nasemadolobheni.
- Umlingani wekotini ungasakaza igciwane (i-Black Creek Canal virus BCCV). Bahlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-US futhi baya eCentral naseNingizimu Melika. Bahlala ngokweqile (izihlahla kanye nohlaza obude). Bangakwazi futhi ukwenza emadolobheni uma izimo zilungile.
- I-rice rat is a rat encane esakaza omunye uhlobo okuthiwa igciwane Bayou. Kubuye naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-US ne-Central America. Lihlala ezindaweni zasemfuleni futhi lingakwazi ukubhukuda.
- Igundane elimhlophe libukeka kakhulu njengegundane lezinyamazane, kodwa liphethe igciwane elihlukile (i-New York virus ye-NYV). Kungxenyeni esempumalanga ye-US, kusukela engxenyeni eseningizimu yeNew England kuya eMid-Atlantic (NY and NJ) ukuya eningizimu. Kungatholakala futhi eMidwest naseNtshonalanga ye-US, naseMexico. Lihlala kahle ezindaweni ezikhuni noma ezihlahleni kodwa lingaphila kwezinye izingxenye.
Kungenzeka amanye amakhophi namagundane aphethe i-Hantavirus engaholela eHPS kepha ayitholakalanga. Kukhona nakanjani amanye amagciwane athatha ama-virus afana nawo adala esinye isifo se-Hantavirus: i-HFRS (i-fever emangcwabeni ene-renal syndrome).
Uhlala Uphephile Kangakanani?
Nakuba kunezindlela eziningi zokudalula, khumbula ukuthi i-hantavirus ayifinyeleleki. Ukwengeza, kunezinyathelo eziningi ongazithatha ukuze uhlale uphephile.
Izinto zokuqala kuqala, gwema amagundane, ama-droppings, umchamo, nanoma yini okungenzeka ukuthi bayifake noma bayidla. Futhi, gwema izindawo ezingaba yizo: amakamelo okugodla, amakamelo okugcina angasetshenzisiwe, izindawo ezigciniwe ezigciniwe, amabarndi, noma ezinye izindawo. Gcina ukudla ngaphakathi kweziqukathi ezinama-rodent noma esiqandisini noma efrijini. Qinisekisa ukuthi unamathele noma yiziphi izimbobo ezisezindongeni noma phansi lapho i-rodent ingena khona.
Ngamanye amazwi, vele wenze kube nzima ngamagundane noma amagundane ukuthi ungene lapho uhlala khona futhi kwenzeke ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi bafuna ukuhlala. Lokhu kuqinisile lapho uhamba khona lapho uhamba khona nalapho usebenza khona.
Okwesibili, qaphela ukuthi uhlanza kanjani, uma amagundane angase abe khona. Imihlahlandlela eyisisekelo ihlanganisa:
- Ungafaki, u-vacuum, noma ukucindezela okukhulu kwe-spray droppings, umchamo, isidleke, noma ezinye izinto ezingangcoliswa. Lokhu kungaphonsa izinto ezingcolile emoyeni ezingaphefumulelwa.
- Gwema ukuhlanza noma yini endlini, uma kungenzeka. Kungcono ukuhlanza imishini noma yini engaphandle. Ukukhanya kwe-UV kwe-Sunlight nomoya omusha kunganciphisa ingozi yegciwane.
- Kungcono ukuthi imifino, umchamo kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolile zimanzi kahle nge-disinfectant njengekhambi le-chlorine noma uLysol.
- Ukusebenzisa igrafu, i-latex, i-vinyl, noma i-grifini iglafu futhi ugeza izandla zakho nge-sese namanzi kungakusiza kakhulu ukuthi uphephile.
Abaningi abagulayo babenezidakamizwa zamagundane noma ama-mouse, kodwa akubona bonke abazi ukuthi bahlangana namagundane noma ama-droppings abo. Qaphela uma ukhona endaweni okungenzeka ibe namagundane noma ama-droppings. Uma ungase utholakale ezintweni ezithathelwanayo, kufanele ulandele imihlahlandlela enikezwe nge- CDC e-US , uhulumeni waseCanada, kanye nempi yase - US .
Ungayithola I-Hantavirus Eyomunye Umuntu?
Ukudluliselwa kwe-Hantavirus akubonwanga ukuthi kwenzeka ukusuka komuntu oyedwa kuya kwesinye e-US . I-Hantavirus ehlobene, i-Andes Hantavirus, iye yaboniswa ukuba isakaze kubasebenzi bezempilo eChile nase-Argentina, kodwa kungavamile.
I-Hantavirus iphathwa kanjani?
Iziguli zivame ukuphathwa ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi yisiphi isifo abanaso ekuqaleni. Kungase kube nokulibaziseka ekuxilongweni, ikakhulukazi uma kungenakucatshangwa. Iziguli zingase ziphathwe ngama-antibiotics kwezinye izifo, njenge-leptospirosis, ezingabangela isifo esifanayo futhi zisakazwe ngamagundane. I-Hantavirus, noma kunjalo, igciwane futhi ayiphenduli kuma-antibiotics.
Uyazi kanjani ukuthi unayo i-Hantavirus?
Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha ezindaweni ezithintekile bangase basolwa ngokuthi u-Hantavirus uma othile enezibonakaliso nezimpawu ezithile. Iziguli ezithintekile ngokuvamile zinomkhuhlane kanye nezinkinga zokuphefumula ezivele kungazelelwe. Kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni babenemfiva, amahlumela, ama-muscle aches, ama-headaches, ne-GI. Lesi sifo siqala ngokushesha; umuntu osemusha onempilo angadinga oksijini ngaphakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-2-3 ngokufuna usizo lwezokwelapha. Lesi sifo singabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zamaphaphu ezidinga i-oksijini futhi zingabonakala zithinte zombili amaphaphu ku-X-ray (noma ekuhlolweni).
Ama-Labs angabonisa ukuthi "ukufudumala kwamanzi" (ukuphakama kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu, okuphambene ne- anemia , okungenzeka uma umuntu ephelelwa amanzi). Ama-Labs angase akhombise inani eliphakeme elimhlophe (i-neutrophils) namaplatelet aphansi ( thrombocytopenia ). hlukanisa lokhu ukutheleleka kwabanye kwabanye odokotela.
Lesi sifo, uma kusolakala, singaqinisekiswa yizivivinyo ze-laboratory. Kukhona ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody (IgM noma ukuphakama kwe-IgG) kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-PCR. Ukuhlola i-Lab akuvamile ukutholakala ezibhedlela eziningi. Kumele ithunyelwe kwi-laboratories yokubhekisela.
Umlando we-Hantavirus
Ngo-1993, ukuqubuka kwegciwane elaziwa ngokuthi "Sin Number" ("ngaphandle kwegama") izakhamuzi ezimangalisa kanye nabaqeqeshi bezempilo eNingizimu-ntshonalanga yabantu abadala ase-US Young abanempilo bavele bagula, bengakwazi ukuphefumula, futhi akukho ukuxilongwa kungenzeka okutholiwe.
Kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi 1993, kwakukhona amacala angu-24 ahlonziwe. Abayishumi nambili kulaba bantu bafa.
Ekugcineni, ukuxilongwa kwenzelwa futhi kwafunyanwa ngenxa yegciwane elibizwa nge-hantavirus. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-hantaviruses zazivezwe ngaphambilini, njengaseKorea, ngaphambili, kodwa lokhu kwakuyizinhlobo ezintsha (i-Sin Nombre Virus) enhlobonhlobo eyaziwayo ye-hantaviruses. I-syndrome yaziwa ngokuthi i-hantavirus syndrome syndrome.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, igciwane alilona olusha lomkhiqizo. Kwakuyisikhathi sokuqala umphakathi wezokwelapha omkhulu ukhethe lesi sifo. Uma sibheka emuva kumasampuli amadala endaweni lapho bethola ukuthi kukhona abantu abaye bafa ngaphandle kokuthola ukuxilongwa, empeleni babe neHantavirus. Icala lokuqala elichazwe ngokuhlola amasampuli alondoloziwe livela ngo-1959 kumuntu oneminyaka engu-38 ubudala wase-Utah.
Ngisho nokuqaphela kwangaphambili kwalesi sifo kuvela eNavajos esifundeni seSine Corner. Imikhuba yezokwelapha yaseNavajo yaqaphela isifo esifanayo esihambisana namagundane, ngokusobala iminyaka eminingi ngaphambili.
Kulula nje, lokhu kuqhuma kwenzeka ngoba kwakukhona amagundane amaningi. Lokhu kwakuningi okwenziwe ngesimo sezulu. Kwakukhona nesomiso iminyaka eminingana. Amantombazane kanye nezilwane zabo ezidliwayo bawela ngenombolo. Iqhwa elikhulu nemvula kwafika. Amagundane akhula ngenombolo futhi amaphuzu amaningi ahlangana nabantu.
Ukwengeza, ehlobo nasekupheleni kuka-2012, amacala ayishumi aqinisekiswa kulabo abasanda kuvakashela Yosemite Park.
> Imithombo:
> I-Castillo C. Ukuqhathaniswa kwama-Antibodies ku-Hantavirus Phakathi kwabasebenzi bezokuHlalwa kweMndeni neyeMpilo Oxhumana nabo Abantu abane-Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome: Ukungabi nobufakazi bokudluliswa kwama-Andes Virus kwabasebenzi bezempilo eChile. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004; 70 (3): 302-4.
> CDC. I-Hantavirus. http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/
> Wells RM, Young J, Williams RJ, et al. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Hantavirus e-United States. Dis Disging Infect Dis. 1997; 3 (3): 361-5.