Iyini i-MMR?
I-MMR, okumele i-mumps / isisulu / i-rubella, ingenye yezinyanga eziningana zokuphila ezigciwane lesandulela ngculaza (umgomo wokugoma inkukhu kanye nokugoma komkhuhlane wamasosha kukhona abanye ababili). Kuvame ukunikezwa ezinyangeni ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-15 ubudala, okuyinto yobudala lapho i-autism ebonakala khona kuqala. Ngokungafani nokugoma komkhuhlane kanye nokunye okugonywe kwabantwana, ukugoma komugubhu / isishukela / umuthi wokugubha awunalo futhi awuzange ube ne-thimerosal (i-preservative ye-mercury-based).
Imishanguzo ye-MMR yaba kanjani ingxabano kangaka?
Ukukhathazeka nge-MMR kwaqala ngo-1992 lapho uDkt. Andrew Wakefield, ngaleso sikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-gastroenterologist yaseBrithani, wahlola intsha engu-12 engenawo i-autism. Ngokwemibiko esekelwe kulolu cwaningo, lokho okutholwe kutholakale ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwegciwane lesingqimba emanzini nase-autism. Le nkulumo eyaboniswa ukuthi izingane ezithile zinezici ezithinta izifo eziphathelene negciwane - futhi ukuthi izinhlobo ezinobuthi bezemvelo ziqala ukuhlasela amasosha omzimba wengane kuqala, ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukubukeka kwe-autism.
Abacwaningi besisekelo saseTexas esise-Texas okuthiwa i-Thoughtful House bathi "Umntwana uqala ukungena emanzini, umonakalo wesikhumba ukhula kakhulu, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisakhula, futhi ukuphendula ngokuzenzakalelayo kuqala." Khona-ke izingane eziningi zihlangabezana nesenzakalo esiyingozi. kokugula okuphawulekayo noma ukugoma kwegciwane eliphilayo.
Amasosha omzimba aphelile futhi ingane isheshe ihla. Abanye abazali babika ukuwohloka kancane kancane, kodwa kubonakala sengathi izingane eziningi zakha i-autism ngemva kwesenzakalo esithile. Bangena esibhedlela noma bathola ukudubula kwe-MMR futhi abazange baphinde bafanane. I-Autism yimbangela yokuphela yalolu chungechunge oluthuthukako lokuphendula. "
Lezi zimangalo azisekelwa yiziphi ezinye izifundo ezibandakanya labo abazama ukungaphumeleli ukuphinda baphendule imiphumela yakhe. Ucwaningo oluningi lwe-epidemiologic olwenziwe kontanga alubonanga ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-MMR ne-autism. Eqinisweni, isifundo sokuqala sikaDkt. Wakefield saqedwa ngokuphelele. Abalobi abangu-10 abangu-12 bashiya ukusekelwa kwabo kusuka kulesi sihloko.
I-CDC, i-Institutes of Medicine, nezinye izikhungo ezinkulu zocwaningo zibhekene nale ndaba futhi zathola ukuthi kunobuningi bobufakazi bokuthi akukho ukuhlobana phakathi komgomo we-MMR kanye ne-autism nokuthi ayikho ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa bokuthi ukuxhumana kwaba khona . Nokho, ezinye izifundo zisho ukuthi izingane ezizimele zinezinkinga eziningi zamathumbu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluthile lubonisa ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lokuxhumana phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo nezimo zezemvelo kungasiza ekwenzeni i-autism. Lezi zifundo, kodwa, azibonisanga isixhumanisi esibangelwayo phakathi kwe-MMR ne-autism - kanti, okwamanje, izifundo eziningi ezinkulu emhlabeni azitholanga isixhumanisi noma yini.
Ngo-2010, Wakefield washiya i-Thoughtful House, futhi inhlangano yashintsha igama layo ibe yiThe Johnson Centre for Health and Child Development. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba uWakefield ehlulwe ilayisensi yakhe yezokwelapha yase-UK yokuphulwa komthetho.
Zonke lezi zenzakalo, izifundo, nezimemezelo, noma kunjalo, azizange ziphelise inkolelo yokuthi kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwemigomo ne-autism . Ngisho nokuqubuka kwesimungumungwane e-UK nase-US ngenxa yemigomo yokugodla ingashintshanga izingqondo ezithile. Kube nokusikisela ukuthi ucwaningo oluqhutshwa yi-ejensi kahulumeni luye lwaphutha noma ubufakazi buye lwasulwa emphakathini. Abanye abaphikisi be-MMR bathi abacwaningi abasebenzela i-NIH ne-CDC bavela futhi babuyela emikhakheni emikhulu yezokwelapha - futhi bona kanye namafemu abo banomthwalo omkhulu engozini.
Ukukholelwa okuqhubekayo ekuxhumeni kwe-autism / ukuxhuma kwe-MMR kuye kwaphakanyiswa izidumi ezihlukahlukene - eziholwa nguJenny McCarthy - nangezinhlangano ezakhelwe ngefa likaWakefield.
Ngenkathi lezi zinhlangano zisekhona, zisebenza kakhulu kunokuba zibuyele emuva phakathi no-2000. Ngokuthakazelisayo, noma kunjalo, imbangela yabo ithathwe ngabanye abantu abafundele kahle, ababenokwenza kahle kanye namaqembu okuthi imvelo "ehlanzekile" (imakhemikhali ekhululekile) ikholakala ukuthi iyithekithi empilweni enhle ngokwabo kanye nezingane zabo.
Okubalulekile:
Naphezu kokucwaninga okuqhubekayo kanye nezinkomba ezivelayo, okuncane akuqondi kahle ngokubangela noma izimbangela ze-autism. Inhlanganisela yezimo zemvelo kanye nezakhi zofuzo zingase zithinte indima ebalulekile ekubambeni kwe-autism. Isisindo esibucayi sobufakazi besayensi, kodwa, sisitshela ukuthi imishanguzo efana ne-MMR ayibangeli i-autism.
Imithombo:
> Imishanguzo kanye > I-Autism: A > Isifinyezo se-CDC Esiqhutshwayo noma Izifundo Ezixhasiwe.
> Andrew Wakefield, ubaba we-anti-vaccine Movement, uphendula ukuvuthwa kwamanje okuyisimungulu ngesikhathi sokuqala. Newsweek, February 10, 2015.
> I-imeyili Ingxoxiswano nabasebenzi bokucwaninga be-Thoughtful House, ngo-2009.
> Science Daily: "Age of > Autism: Pox > Izingxenye 1-4".
> "Ukungavikeleki Okubulalayo" ku-Rolling Stone Magazine, ngo-June 20, 2005. F. DeStefano -I-Vaccines Equkethe: Ubufakazi Okungafani Nokuzizwa Komphakathi. I-Opin ye-Opin Drug Saf. 2009 Jan; 8 (1): 1-4.
> H Honda et al. Akukho mphumela we-MMR Ukukhishwa kwi-Incidence Autism: Isibalo Sezibalo Zabantu. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun; 46 (6): 572-9.