Igunya elinamandla e-Autism World
U-Andrew Wakefield ungomunye wemibono ephikisana kakhulu emhlabeni we-autism. Ucwaningo lwakhe mayelana nombuzo wokuthi umuthi wokugoma we- Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) ungaba imbangela yengozi ye-autism yenze umfutho omkhulu emphakathini we-autism. Naphezu kokuthi iphepha lakhe lokucwaninga elinomthelela kulokhu liye lachithwa umagazini waseBrithani wezokwelapha I-Lancet, Wakefield kanye nezinkolelo zakhe zihlala zingamandla amakhulu emhlabeni we-autism.
UDkt. Wakefield uyinhlangano yegastroenterologist yezemfundo kanye nodokotela ohlinzayo onesithakazelo esikhethekile ezifweni zokuvuvukala. Wazalelwa eBrithani ngo-1957, wafundiswa eCanada futhi waba udokotela e-Royal Free Hospital eLondon.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, uWakefield wenza isandla esibalulekile emhlabeni wezokwelapha lapho ethola ukuthi imbangela yesifo sikaCrohn, ukugula okukhulu kwamathumbu, isinciphise ukugeleza kwegazi emathunjini. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokhu kutholakala, Wakefield waqala ukumba embuzweni wokuthi ngabe isifo sesingqungquthela yini kusuka emithonjeni ye-Mumps-Measles-Rubella eyayibangela ukuvinjelwa kwegazi nokuholela ku-Crohn's. Ngenkathi impendulo yalo mbuzo ingu "cha," kungenzeka ukuthi igciwane lesigungumungqangi lingumphumela wezindaba ze-GI zaqhubeka zithandeka kuye.
Ngo-1995, uWakefield wasondela iqembu labazali abamtshela ukuthi izingane zabo zase ziba yi-autistic ngemuva kokugonywa kwe-MMR.
Bamcela ukuba abheke ukuxhumana okungenzeka, futhi wayezimisele ukwenza kanjalo. Umbono wakhe: uma ukugoma komjola kwakubangele ukuvuvukala emathunjini abo, izingane zingahlakulela "i-leaky gut syndrome," okwenza kube khona amaprotheni awonayo ukwenza indlela eya ebuchosheni. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, wachaza, i-autism yezingane kungenzeka ibangelwe ukugonywa kwe-MMR.
Ngo-1998, uWakefield neqembu labalingani bakhe bashicilela ucwaningo oluhlolisisa izimpawu zamathumbu ezikhukhulayo ezinganeni ezingu-12 ezise-autistic eMgodleni we-Mumps-Measles-Rubella. Lelo cwaningo, eshicilelwe emaphephandabeni odumile aseBrithani wezokwelapha i-Lancet, laqala umkhankaso omkhulu wokulwa nokugoma e-UK, e-United States nasemhlabeni jikelele.
Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, intatheli uBrian Deer waseLondon iSunday Times waqala ukuphenya ngeWakefield futhi wathola ubufakazi bokuphikisana kwezintandokazi nezimo zokuziphatha okungalungile. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba uDeer abike ngalokho akutholile, abangu-10 abalobi be-Wakefield abayishumi nambili balahlile iziphetho zesifundo. NgoFebruwari 2010, iLancet yavusa ngokusemthethweni ukushicilelwa kwalesi sihloko ngenxa yokukhathazeka kokuziphatha. Lokhu kulandela inqubo ende yokuphenya yi-General Medical Council yase-UK.
Ngenkathi uphenyo lwama-MMR / original autism lwaWakefield lugwetshiwe futhi lungalokothi luphindwe ngokugcwele, luhlala luyisisekelo sokunyakaza okuqhubeka nokukhomba imishanguzo njengesizathu esibangela ukwanda okukhulu kwe-autism spectrum diagnoses. Kukhulunywe izigidi zamaRandi ukuxwayisa abazali ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-autism ingabangelwa yimigomo, nokwakha "ukunyuka okuluhlaza" eMelika nase-UK.
UWakefield, okwamanje osebenza eFlorida naseTexas, umi ngomsebenzi wakhe futhi ugcizelela ukuthi ucwaningo lwakhe luqhutshwa kahle.
Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi kuzo zonke izigameko zokuvimbela umgomo emphakathini we-autism, u-Wakefield ngokwakhe akenzi isimangalo esigcwele sokuthi umgomo we-MMR ubangela i-autism. Eqinisweni, kuWestern's-based "I-House Think" site, i-FAQ iyabuza: Ingabe abacwaningi beNdlu abacabangelayo bathola noma yikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi komgomo we-MMR ne-autism? Impendulo: Ayikho isixhumanisi esinjalo esasungulwe, kepha ukucwaninga ekuxhumaneni okungenzeka kuqhubeka.
Imithombo
Izindaba ze-BBC. Umlando: UDkt Andrew Wakefield.
Amanda Gardner. I-Contismal Autism Study Ikhishwe yi-Medical Journal. HealthDay. Feb 2, 2010.
Paul Offit, MD. Abaprofethi Bamanga Aba-Autism: Isayensi Engalungile, Imithi Engozini, Nokufuna Isifo. Columbia University Press: eNew York C 2008.
Iwebhusayithi Yengqondo Ecabangelayo.