Imali Enkulu Yokuthola Ukwelashwa Kwemdlavuza
Kwaphela iminyaka embalwa, iminyango eya esitolo sokurekhoda yayivulekile kakhulu, futhi irejista ishiywe ingalindelwe ngaphandle kwesitolo esitolo. Ngingokomfanekiso ngibhekisela ekuhlaleni kwe-music music piracy eyenzeka ngasekupheleni kweyinkulungwane leminyaka. Lokhu kuqhuma ku-piracy kubangelwa ikakhulukazi eNapster, isevisi yokwabelana ngefayela ye-peer-to-peer (i-P2P) eyavumela izigidi ezingenakubalwa ukuthi zihlanganyele ama-MP3 (amafayela omculo wedijithali) mahhala.
Ukusungulwa nokusabalalisa okubanzi kweNapster kwakuyisenzakalo esiphazamisayo embonini yokurekhoda. U-Sean Parker nabanye abasunguli wenkonzo yokwabelana ngefayela maduzane bafaka umshini wemboni yokurekhoda ngoba, njengoba sonke singakwazi manje, ukwabelana ngomculo we-copyright, noma ukuphanga, kubi. Kungakapheli iminyaka emibili, uNapster wayevinjelwe isiteji sokwabelana ngomculo.
Nakuba ukuphanga kwesibindi kuseyinkinga enkulu - i-BitTorrent enye indlela yokuhlanganyela ngokukhululekile idatha njengezingoma namabhayisikobho nabanye - iNapster yayihlukile ekusebenziseni kwayo kalula. UNapster uphinde washintsha indlela esibheke ngayo ukuthi singathola kanjani umculo, futhi abantu abaningi manje abasebenzisa isitolo iTunes baqale baqala umqondo wokulanda umculo ngeNapster.
UNapster kungenzeka ukuthi uhambe kodwa uSean Parker, omunye wabadali bawo, uphila futhi uphile. Ngo-Ephreli 2016, uParker wenza izihloko zokubheka imali engamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-250 ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo lwe-immunotherapy ukuze lunikezwe izikhungo zomdlavuza eziyisithupha, kuhlanganise neStanford neS Memorial Sloan Kettering.
USean Parker: I-Tech Wunderkind ne-Top Philanthropist
UNapster wayengekho ukwehluleka; Empeleni, kwaba impumelelo enkulu, futhi abaningi baphikisana ngokuthi kwakuyibhizinisi elikhulayo elikhulayo. Kodwa-ke, abantu basebenzisa uNapster ngezinqubo ezingekho emthethweni, yingakho kwakudingeka zivalwe.
Ngemuva kokushona kweNapster njengoba sazi - lo mkhiqizo wahamba ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuqedwa ngo-2011 - uParker wathatha isithakazelo esikhulu emithonjeni yezokuxhumana.
Wasungula indawo yezokuxhumana yezenhlalo i-Plaxo, umzamo owasuswa kuwo maduzane. Kwathi ngo-2004, eneminyaka engama-24 ubudala, uParker wenza ukuthutha okwamnika amabhiliyoni futhi washintsha umhlaba: waba ngumongameli we-Facebook.
Njengomongameli we-Facebook, uParker wathatha ukuqala okuncane futhi wasethula emhlabeni. Waletha abatshalizimali futhi basiza ukuklama isayithi. Ngokuqinisekile, uMark Zuckerberg kungenzeka ukuthi uvele ne-Facebook, kodwa i-Facebook yikho namuhla ngenxa kaParker.
I-Parker ibilokhu ibe yinkimbinkimbi yomsunguli oyinkimbinkimbi kanye ne-spender enkulu. Ngomnyaka ka-2013, wasebenzisa imali eyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi zamaRandi emshadweni kumpahla yangasese e-Big Sur. Wabe esekhokha isimo saseCalifornia esiyizigidi ezingu-2,5 zamaRandi ukuze kwakhiwe izindlu zokuhlala, iziqhwaga ezikhohlisayo, izimpophoma kanye nomdanso omkhulu wokudansa eduze nesiphephelo esibucayi sezilwane zasendle.
Ngonyaka ka-2005 ngesikhathi engumongameli we-Facebook, uParker waxoshwa ngenxa ye-cocaine futhi wabe eseyeka inkampani. Ngenxa yonyaka wakhe-nokubandakanya ne-Facebook, i-Parker inenani lika-$ 3.5 billion.
Eminyakeni eminingi ngemuva kokushiya i-Facebook, uParker waqaphela kakhulu ukunikeza usizo. Ngo-June 2015, uParker wanikela ngemali eyizigidi ezingu-600 ku-Parker Foundation.
Ngokwe-website ye-Parker Foundation:
Isisekelo sakha ukwesekwa komlando we-Sean futhi senza umsebenzi wakhe wokuphayona emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, abezindaba, ukwakha izinkampani kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi. Isekelwe e-San Francisco, isisekelo sihlose ukuphishekela ngokuguquguqukayo ushintsho olukhulu lwesistimu ezindaweni ezintathu zokugxila: I-Life Sciences, i-Global Public Health, ne-Civic Engagement.
Ngo-Ephreli 2016, i-Parker Foundation inikeze amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-250 ukusekela iParker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. (Ngokusobala, uParker uthanda ukubiza igama lakhe ngokuzikhethela.)
Kuyini i-Immunotherapy?
Ukukhula emzimbeni wethu kubangelwa yimigudu eyinkimbinkimbi yokwenza izimpawu ezithumela izimpawu zemvelo ezikhiqizwa yizinhlaka zemvelo. Ngokuzikhethela izenzo zalezi zithunywa eziphilayo, abacwaningi baye bakwazi ukulwa nomdlavuza.
Ama-natural agents, njenge-interleukin, ama-interferons kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze- cytokines , angakhiwa kulabhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-synthetic agent, afana nokukhiqizwa kwempawu zemvelo, angabuye akhiqizwe ebhodini.
Ama-agent ezinjalo zemvelo nezama-synthetic angasetshenziswa ukuxuba ngokukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza noma unike amandla amangqamuzana anempilo ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-agent okugqugquzela ukuphendula ngegciwane lengculazi kubizwa ngokuthi i- immunotherapy .
Umlando omfushane we-Immunotherapy
Umqondo oyisisekelo obangela i-immunotherapy - usebenzisa isimiso sokuvikela omzimba ukuqeda umdlavuza - akuyona into entsha. Abantu bahlongoza lo mqondo emuva kwekhulu le-19. Ngaphezu kwalokho phakathi kuka-1890 no-1960, abacwaningi abahlukahlukene bazama ukuthelela iziguli zomdlavuza ngokusebenzisa amabhaktheriya ukuphatha umdlavuza; Imiphumela evela kulezi zivivinyo zahlanganiswa.
Kwakungakaze kube yi-1980 ukuthi saqala ukufunda okwengeziwe ngesistimu yomzimba. Ngokuqondile ngawo-1980, abacwaningi bathola ama-agent amabili emvelo aqhubekisela phambili ukuqonda kwethu isimiso somzimba sokuvikela omzimba: i-complex hertocompatibility complex (MHC) kanye ne-T-cell receptor (TCR). Lezi zinto zatholwa ziphefumulele ukubulawa kwezilingo zomtholampilo ekuqaleni. Kodwa-ke, ukuphumelela okubonakalayo ekuphumeleleni kwe-immunotherapy akuzange kwenzeke kuze kube yilapho sesiqondakala kangcono umsebenzi we-T-cell kanye nama-molecular i-costimulatory ne-coinhibitor. Ngicela uhlale ukhumbule ukuthi amasosha omzimba ahlukumezekile futhi asebenzise amandla ayo okulwa nezifo, kwakudingeka siqonde kangcono izenzo zawo.
Izimiso ezi-3 ezenza igciwane le-Immunology ne-Immunotherapy
Kunezimiso ezintathu eziyisisekelo eziqondisa insimu yomdlavuza we-immunology kanye nomhlahlandlela ongakwazi ukuzivikela nge-immunotherapies.
Isimiso # 1: ukuhlolwa komzimba. Ukubhekwa kwamasosha kubhekisela enqubo lapho amasosha omzimba ehlola khona futhi aqede amaseli asanda aguqulwa futhi awasejwayelekile (cabanga ngamangqamuzana omdlavuza).
Isimiso # 2: ukuhlela ngomzimba. Ukuhlela ngomzimba kubhekisela enkambisweni lapho isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisenza ukuvimbela amangqamuzana anomdlavuza. Lokhu kukhishwa kubangela ukulingana, lapho amaseli we-tumor ahlala kodwa ahlolwe. Amanye amangqamuzana amathumba, kodwa, akwazi ukubalekela imiphumela yesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ngenxa yokunciphisa ukuzivikela komzimba noma ikhono lokunqoba impendulo yomzimba. Lezi zingqamuzana eziphunyukile ziba ngamagciwane e-cancer.
Isimiso # 3: ukubekezelelana nge-immune. Ngokuzivikela komzimba, amasosha omdlavuza aphumile emiphumeleni yamasosha omzimba asebenzisa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela emzimbeni ukuze agweme ukubhujiswa futhi aqhubeke ekhula futhi ehlukana.
U-Parker uthi unqume ukutshala imali eningi ekucwaningeni kwe-immunotherapy ngoba i-immunotherapy yodwa ukwelashwa okuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kudala ukukhululwa okuhlala njalo. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo lwe-immunotherapy luyisisekelo semali ekhokhelwa imali - ukuthola amaphesenti amane kuphela eNational Cancer Institute cishe isabelomali sonyaka we-$ 5 billion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uParker ubonisa ukuthi i-R & D ezinkampanini zokwelapha inesithakazelo ekuxhaseni ucwaningo oluhlola i-chemotherapy noma ama-agent ahlosiwe ngaleyo ndlela ngokuqhubekayo kuhlanganiswa nesidingo seminikelo yokucwaninga nge-immunotherapy.
Imithombo:
Feng X, Lin X, Yu J, Nemunaitis J, Brunicardi F. Ukwelashwa Kwama-Molecular and Genomic. Ku: Brunicardi F, Andersen DK, B Billiar, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE. ama-eds. Izimiso Zokuhlinza Schwartz, 10e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
Goswami S, Allison JP, Sharma P. Immuno-Oncology. Ku: Hant Kantarjian, Wolff RA. ama-eds. I-MD Anderson Manual ye-Medical Oncology, 3e . ENew York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016.