Izindawo zokusebenzela eziphephile nezempilo zivame ukuthathwa kalula eMelika. Kodwa izitezi zanamuhla zokuphepha ezikhungweni zezokuphepha kanye namahhovisi ahlanzekile yizinto ezisanda kuvela emphakathini wanamuhla-umphumela oqondile wemisebenzi eyenziwe yilabo abasebenza emkhakheni wezempilo nokuphepha emsebenzini.
Ezinikezele ekutadisheni nasekuvimbeleni ukulimala emsebenzini nokugula, insimu yezempilo nokuphepha emsebenzini ibophezele imiphumela emihle kakhulu eyenziwa abasebenzi baseMelika eminyakeni engama-200 edlule.
Imishini enobungozi kanye namafektri angasebenzi kahle, kanye nendawo evamile, zenzele izindawo zokuphepha, zokuhlanza kwabasebenzi. Ukuhlanganiswa komthetho, ukulawulwa kwegatsha eliphezulu, nokuzilawula komthetho ngamabhizinisi anemfanelo kuye kwashintsha indawo yokusebenzela yaseMelika. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokulimala kanye nokubulawa kwamazinga ezimbonini eziningi kuye kwehla amashumi eminyaka-isimo esiqhubekayo nanamuhla.
Incazelo
Impilo nokuphepha emsebenzini kuyinkinga yempilo yomphakathi ehlola ukuthambekela kwezifo nokulimala kubasebenzi basebenzi futhi iphakamisa futhi isebenzise amasu kanye nemigomo yokuzivimbela. Ububanzi bayo bubanzi, kuhlanganise nokuhlukana okuhlukahlukene-kusuka ekubhekaneni ne-epidemiology kuya e-ergonomics nokuvinjelwa kobudlova.
Ngokomlando, ukugxila emisebenzini yezempilo nemisebenzi yokuphepha kuye kwaba imisebenzi yomsebenzi, njengabasebenzi basefektri. Kodwa insimu manje ihlanganisa yonke imisebenzi e-United States.
Ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo yethu yomsebenzi (kusukela ezakhiweni zokwakha kuya ezakhiweni zehhovisi) inokuphepha okuvikelekile endaweni yokuvimbela ukulimala, ochwepheshe empilo yomsebenzi futhi basebenze ukukhawulela kokubili izingozi ezincane nezesikhathi eside ezingabangela ukugula ngokomzimba noma kwengqondo manje noma esikhathini esizayo.
Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu bahlupheka ngokulimala okuhlobene nomsebenzi noma ukugula njalo ngonyaka e-United States.
Izigidi eziningi zivezwe ezingozini zempilo ezemvelo ezingabangela izinkinga eminyakeni kusukela manje. Izindleko zempesheni zabasebenzi ziba ngaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidigidi ngesonto. Lokhu akusho ngisho nokulahlekelwa kwemali kanye nezinye izindleko ezingaqondile, njengokunciphisa ukukhiqiza kanye nenani lezengqondo lokubhekana noma ukukhathalela umuntu olimalayo.
Ngaphandle kwabasebenzi abazimele kanye nezihlobo zabasebenzi basepulazini, cishe bonke abaqashi bobabili abazimele kanye nomphakathi banomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi kanye nomthetho wokwakha nokugcina indawo ephephile nenempilo. Abanye bayathokozela ukuhambisana nezizathu zokuziphatha noma ngenxa yokuthi ukulimala nezifo kungabangela ukukhiqizwa okulahlekile, inzuzo, kanye nezinkokhelo eziphezulu zomshuwalense wezempilo umxhaso. Kuvamile ukuthi abaqashi abakhulu bakwazi ukusungula izinhlelo zabo zempilo nezokuphepha zendawo yokusebenza ezidlula izidingo zokulawula.
Umlando
Umqondo wokuthi izindawo zokusebenzela e-United States kufanele zidingeke ukuba zihambisane nesethi encane yokuphepha nezindinganiso zezempilo akuzona zonke izingxabano-kodwa kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izimo zokusebenza zamaMelika ezijwayelekile ziye zathuthuka ngokuvumelana futhi ziqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 edlule, umthetho omkhulu wokuguqulwa kwezomnotho wadluliswa kanye nokuhamba okuqhubekayo kwemithetho ehlukene emincane eyenziwe ngaphansi kwamaqembu amakhulu amabili e-US emaphakathini eminyaka edlule.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yombango, izitshalo zaqala ukutshala yonke indawo e-United States. Ngokuvamile abasebenzi abasha, abanolwazi oluningi, amafemu ayeyizindawo eziyingozi zokusebenza. Izindaba ezahlanganiswa ngombiko ka-1872 wombuso waseMassachusetts 'Bureau of Labour zigcwele izigameko eziningi lapho abasebenzi belahlekelwa khona izitho noma babulawa ngenxa yemishini enganele kanye nemisebenzi edingekayo.
Ngaphandle kwemishini nemishini eyingozi, lezi zakhiwo zazingcolile futhi zingahambi kahle. Ukuvulwa kwamafasitela kuzobikwa ukuthi kuphazamise izinto ngaphakathi kwefektri, ngakho bahlala bevaliwe, beshiya izisebenzi ziphefumula emfucumfuceni yamakhemikhali nothuli oluthuliwe usuku nosuku.
Ephendula umbiko we-1872 futhi wahlanganisa izibalo, uMassachusetts waba umbuso wokuqala wase-United States ukufuna ukuhlolwa kwemboni okuhlanganisa nokuqinisekisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuphuma komlilo kwakukhona endaweni ngayinye. Ezinye izindaba zilandela ngokushesha. Ngo-1890, izifunda ezingu-21 zinezinhlobo ezithile zomthetho ezincwadini ezinciphisa izingozi zempilo emsebenzini. Nakuba le mizamo yayiyisinyathelo esifanele, kwakuyinto ehlelekile yemithetho nemithethonqubo. Imithetho yayihluke kusuka kumbuso kuya kombuso futhi yayingavunyelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amazwe anezinqubomgomo eziningi ezikhululekile akhangisa amabhizinisi ngaphandle kwamazwe aqinile, futhi kushicilelwe ukukhipha imithetho. Ukuqhubekela phambili nokuhamba phambili kwaqala njengoba umphakathi wawufuna imithetho eqinile futhi amabhizinisi alwela ukuwakhulula.
I-stecemeal assortment of regulations yagcina iphethwe ngoDisemba 1970 lapho uMengameli uRichard Nixon engena emthethweni umthetho we-Occupational Safety and Health Act, waba ngumthetho wokuqala we-federal wokuvikela abasebenzi baseMelika. Umthetho wanika igunya likahulumeni wase-US ukubhala nokuphoqelela amazinga ezokuphepha nezempilo cishe kuwo wonke umsebenzi wezwe. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) yasungulwa ukuze ilandelwe ukusetshenziswa komthetho omusha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwengezwa kwemithetho kahulumeni kanye nesifundazwe kudluliselwe eminyakeni kusukela, ukwandisa indima yabaqeqeshi bezempilo kanye nokuphepha emsebenzini futhi uyaqhubeka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zokusebenzela ziphephile kubo bonke. Manje, uma ulimala emsebenzini, ngeke uqale ukubonga ngokubambisana nesinxephezelo sabasebenzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezomthetho kuyatholakala ngokuqashile abaqashi abangenalutho noma abangaphephile. Ukuhlolwa nokulawulwa kwemigomo kusiza ukukhomba izimo ezingaphephile. Futhi izinhlelo zanamuhla zokuphepha ezindaweni zokusebenza zendawo zisebenza ngokucacile zikhomba izingozi futhi zisize abaqashi ukuba babhekane nezimo ezingezansi ezibeka abasebenzi engozini kuqala.
Nakuba kunzima ukulinganisa umthelela weqiniso womthetho-asinayo idatha eminingi ekuphepha kwendawo emsebenzini ngaphambi kwezinsuku zangaphambi kwe-OSHA-kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani eliphelele lokushona komsebenzi liye lahla ngamaphesenti angaba ngu- 65 , naphezu kokumangalisayo ukwanda kwabasebenzi bezwe.
Izinkinga zamanje
Izinkinga ezifundwe futhi ezilawulwa yizazi zezempilo nezokuphepha namuhla zisebenza ngokuhlukahluka ngokusebenza. Isibonelo, izinsongo zomzimba ezinjengezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu nemishini emikhulu kungase kube nokukhathazeka okukhulu kwabasebenzi bezokwakha, kanti impilo yengqondo nokulimala okuphindaphindiwe kungase kube ukugxila kwendawo yehhovisi. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kokuthuthukiswa okunamandla ezindinganisweni zomsebenzi, kunezinkinga eziningi zokuphepha nezempilo kwabasebenzi baseMelika lapho kungenziwa khona umsebenzi omkhulu.
Phuma
Amakhulu abantu ase-United States bafa ngokuwa ngonyaka. Yiyona imbangela eholela ekufeni kwabantu abasebenza ekwakhiweni-kodwa kungavinjelwa ngokuphelele. Kubakhi abaningi, ukusebenza okuvela ezindaweni eziphakeme akukwazi ukugwema, kodwa ngokuphepha okufanelekile, ukubulawa nokulimala kungagwenywa. Lezi zindlela zokuqapha kufanele ziqale ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi uqale ngisho nengxenye yokuqala yezigaba zokuhlela. Abaqashi kufanele bahlanganise izindleko zemishini yokuphepha, njengama-harnesses, ama-scaffolds, nezinhlelo zokuboshwa, lapho abasebenzi bekwazi ukuthola khona futhi baqeqeshwe ukusebenzisa imishini ayidingayo.
Ukushisa Ukugula
Ngokusho kwe-OSHA, iningi labasebenzi lifa minyaka yonke ngenxa yokushisa okushisa kakhulu noma izimo ezimanzi, kanti izinkulungwane zabanye zigula. Ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke lezi zenzakalo zenzeka embonini yokwakha, kodwa kungenzeka kunoma ubani osebenza endaweni engahambisani kahle nesimo sezulu.
Abaqashi baphoqelelwe ngokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho wesifundazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zomsebenzi zikhululekile ezingozini zokuphepha, futhi ezihlanganisa izinga lokushisa okudlulele. I-OSHA ikhuthaza abanikazi bamabhizinisi kanye nabaphathi ukuvikela abasebenzi babo ekuguleni okuhlobene nokushisa nokulimala ngomkhankaso wokuthumela umyalezo owakhuthaza ukuba banikeze amanzi, ukuphumula kanye nomthunzi kubo bonke abasebenzi-ikakhulukazi uma inkomba yokushisa i-91 degrees Fahrenheit noma ngaphezulu.
Ukulimala Kokucindezeleka Okuphindaphindiwe
Indawo ekhulayo yokukhathazeka ehlobene nempilo yomsebenzi ukulimala okubangelwa ukuhleleka okuncane nokuphindaphindiwe. Izisebenzi eziningi zase-US zisebenza cishe kuphela kuma-computer, ukuxuba nokuthayipha amahora ekugcineni, okuholela ekusebenziseni ngokweqile imisipha namalunga. Lolu hlobo lwemisebenzi ephindaphinda usuku nosuku lungabangela ukulimala, njengomhubhe we-carpal ngisho nokucindezeleka kwamehlo. Ukuthambekela kwezisebenzi zanamuhla ukusebenzisa futhi ukungahambi kahle uma usebenzisa amadivaysi kagesi (kokubili noma ku-clock) kungabangela nokuba nobuhlungu besikhathi eside, ukukhiqizwa okulahlekile, nezindleko zezokwelapha. Abaqashi abaningi bathola ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali ku-ergonomics kanye nezinhlelo zokuphepha ezisehhovisi (njengokubhekelela ama-slips, ukuhamba, nokuwa) empeleni kunembuyiselo emihle ekutshalweni kwezimali lapho umkhiqizo olahlekile kanye nezindleko zezokwelapha zomqashi kubhekwa.
Ukuziphatha kohlelo lwe-Sedentary
Njengoba abasebenzi befuduka emsebenzini wezandla kuze kube semisebenzini yedesksi, inani labantu base-US liye lakhula kakhulu. Izisebenzi zaseHhovisi zivame ukuhlala ngamahora ngesikhathi sokusebenza-ukungakhulumi ngesikhathi sokuhamba nokuhamba kwansuku zonke. Kodwa indlela yokuphila yangasese ingaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni yakho, kuhlanganise nokwandisa ingozi yakho yokukhuluphala, ama-blood clots kanye nokufa. Akumangalisi ukuthi-ke, ngokusho kwamaCenter for Disease Control and Prevention, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zabantu abadala bafumana ubuncane bokuzivocavoca okunconywe ukuvikela impilo yakho-imizuzu engama-30 yomsebenzi olinganisiwe, izinsuku ezinhlanu ngesonto.
Ngisho noma kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi akunakwanela ukuvimbela izingozi zokuboshwa edeskini. Ucwaningo oluthile lwathola ukuthi labo abahlala ngamahora angu-12.5 amahora ngosuku (hhayi ngaphandle kwendawo yokungena emsebenzini abasebenzi abasebenza ehhovisi abafuna ukuphumula embhedeni) bekungenzeka ukuthi bafa kuzo zonke izimbangela kunelabo ababesebenza kakhudlwana, behamba bezungeza okungenani njalo ngemizuzu engu-30. Lokhu kwakungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu basebenze njalo. Ukuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu isikhathi eside kungaba nemiphumela emibi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Violence Workplace
Abantu abaningi bacabangela ukuphepha kwendawo yokusebenza ngokuyinhloko ngokwezimboni zengozi ezivamile njengokwakhiwa, ukudoba okujulile, noma ukuloba. Ngempela, le mikhakha ibona ezinye izinombolo zengozi ezibulalayo kakhulu zabasebenzi base-US. Noma kunjalo, ukulimala okungenabungozi kanye nezifo zitshela indaba ehluke kakhulu. Abasizi bezokwelapha, isibonelo, bahlangabezana namanani aphakeme kakhulu okulimala kwesikhathi esilahlekile ngenxa yobudlova obangelwa iziguli ezingakwazi ukuzinakekela ekunakekeleni kwazo. Eqinisweni, izinga lokuhlukunyezwa komsebenzi ezindaweni zokuhlala ezikhungweni zikahulumeni noma ezakhiweni zokuhlala e-United States liphindwe kabili lombutho wamaphoyisa asemaphandleni futhi cishe izikhathi ezine kulabo abasebenza embonini yokuloba. Lokhu kulimala kungabangela ukulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo ekukhiqizeni, njengoba ngaphezu kwengxenye yalokhu ukulimala kuholela ezinsukwini zokusebenza emsebenzini-ungasho umthwalo owengeziwe wezindleko zokwelashwa nobuhlungu babantu.