Asiboni ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa imvelo yethu ihlela impilo yethu yonke imizuzu yansuku zonke. Lapho siphila khona, lokho esikudlayo, nokuthi sisebenzelana kanjani nezwe elisizungezile singathinta izilinganiso (ngezinye izikhathi ngokoqobo) phakathi kwempilo noma cha. Yilapho ochwepheshe bezezempilo zemvelo, izinqubomgomo, nezinhlelo zonke ziqala ukusebenza.
Ngenkathi sivame ukucabanga ngempilo ngokukhetha komuntu siqu-njengokungathi siyisebenzisayo noma siyagonywa-izinto eziningi zangaphandle zingathonya indlela esiphila ngayo, kufaka phakathi ukuthi siyagula noma siyalimala.
Ukucindezeleka kwezemvelo nezinzuzo kusiza izinhlobo zokukhetha okwenzayo, noma kwezinye izimo, zenze izinqumo zakho.
Incazelo
Abantu abaningi bavame ukucabanga ngempilo yezemvelo ngokuqondene nomoya ohlanzekile namanzi, kodwa amandla emvelo yemvelo-kuhlanganise nezinto ezifana nokufudumala kwezwe-ziyingxenye eyodwa kuphela ye-puzzle enkulu.
Impilo yendawo yemvelo yinkambu yomphakathi yomphakathi ehlola futhi ihlangabezane nalezo zinto ezingokwenyama, eziyingozi zamakhemikhali, nezokuphila okungenzeka singabi nokulawula okuqondile, kepha zingathinta impilo yethu noma kunjalo. Isibonelo, uma uhlala endaweni ethile emigwaqweni yasendlini engaphephile noma emoyeni ongcolile, kunzima ukuphuma ngaphandle nokuzivocavoca. Ngokufanayo, ukuthi yini indlu yakho eyakhiwe nayo, yiziphi izinambuzane ezihlala eduze, nokuthi yikuphi ukudla onakho kuwo wonke umuntu kungaba nomthelela empilweni yakho nasempilo yomndeni wakho.
Kulula nje, impilo yezemvelo yindawo yempilo yomphakathi ehlangabezana nazo zonke izindlela ezahlukene umhlaba osizungezile ungathinta impilo yethu engokwenyama nangokwengqondo.
Izindawo Zempilo Yemvelo
Impilo yemvelo ingenye yezinkambu ezinkulu kunazo zonke emphakathini wezempilo ngoba izindlela eziningi ezingaphandle zingathinta indlela esidla ngayo, siphile futhi sikhule. Lezi zinsizakusebenza zingase zibheke ekubhekaneni nemvelo yethu yemvelo (njengalokhu kwenzeka emanzini ahlanzekile noma ekuhlanzeni amanzi), kodwa futhi ingabangela imiphumela yezenzo zabantu-kuhlanganise nezindlela zomphakathi.
Abantu abanezempilo Imigomo yezempilo yezemvelo ye-2020 iveza izindawo eziyisithupha ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa izindlela ezehlukene zempilo yemvelo ebalulekile empilweni yemiphakathi.
Ikhwalithi Yomoya
Imoya ayinakuxoxisana nabantu. Sidinga ukuba siphile, kepha asihlale siqaphele ukuyigcina ihlanzekile, futhi lokho kungaba nemithelela enkulu empilweni yethu.
Ikhwalithi yomoya engalungile ixhunywe ezinhlobonhlobo zezindaba zezempilo, kubandakanya i-SIDS, umdlavuza wamaphaphu , ne- COPD . Ukungcola komoya kuhlanganiswe nesisindo sokuzalwa esincane. Eqinisweni, isifundo esisodwa eshicilelwe ngo-2005 sathola ukuthi abantwana ababelethwe abesifazane besifazane abakhulelwe bavezwe emazingeni aphakeme e-ozone ngesikhathi sesibili nesithathu sesithathu kunamathuba amaningi kunokuba ontanga yabo engabonakali bazalwe ngesisindo sokuzalwa esincane. Umphumela wawufana nalokho okwakubonakala ezinganeni ezithandwa ngumama ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Umthetho We-Air Clean we-1970 wazama ukushintsha konke lokho. Kwaphawula okokuqala uhulumeni wesifundazwe ethatha umthwalo wokuvikela ikhwalithi yomoya kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zase-US ngokulawula ukukhishwa okulimazayo ezintweni ezifana nezimoto namafemu. Isenzo sathuthukiswa kamuva ngo-1990 ukubhekana nemvula ye-asidi kanye ne-ozone yokunciphisa-futhi isebenza. Embikweni walo ozovela ngo-2011, i-Environmental Protection Agency ibike ukuthi i-Clean Air Act izovimbela ukufa kuka-230 000 ekuqaleni kokufa ngo-2020.
Amanzi nokuSungiswa
Ngokusho kwamaCentral for Disease Control and Prevention, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-780 emhlabeni wonke abanalo amanzi okuphuza aphephile, kanti inzalo ye-jaw-dropping 2.5 (noma cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu baseMhlabeni) ayinayo imisebenzi ehlanzekile yokuhlanzeka njengamanzi okugeza ahlanzekile. Umthelela walokhu ukuphazamisa. Izingane ezinganiselwa ku-2 200 zifa nsuku zonke emhlabeni izifo zesifo sohudo ezihlobene namanzi angcolile nokuhlanzeka.
Isenzo esilula sokuhlunga nokuchithwa kwamanzi e-United States siphumelele ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwezifo ezivamile njengesi- typhoid . Ngokulinganisa okukodwa , kuwo wonke amaRandi 1 atshalwe kwezobuchwepheshe bamanzi ahlanzekile, izwe libuyisela u-$ 23 kumali ehambisanayo yezokwelapha nezomphakathi, futhi lawo manzi ahlanzekile ayenomthwalo wokwehla kokufa kwezingane kuleli zwe.
Izinto ezinobuthi nezinsalela eziyingozi
I-toxicology-okungukuthi, indawo yesayensi ezinikezwe ekuqondeni ukuthi amakhemikhali kanye nezinto ezingathinta kanjani abantu nendawo ezungezile-kuyinsimu ebalulekile empilweni yemvelo. Izinto eziningi ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimboni kanye nobuchwepheshe, njengezinsimbi ezisindayo noma ngisho nama-plastiki, zingabuye zibe nomthelela omubi emzimbeni womuntu futhi ziholele nasezimpilweni ezinkulu.
Esinye sezibonelo zakamuva kakhulu, ezikhulunywe kakhulu kulokhu okwenzekayo kukhona inkinga yamanzi kaPlint . Lapho izindaba ziqeda ngo-2015 ukuthi amanzi okuphuza ePlint, eMichigan ayelayishwa ngokuhola, kwashukumisa ukuthukuthela nokwesaba phakathi kwemindeni. Uma izingane ziphuza noma zigaxa, zingabangela izinkinga zempilo yesikhathi eside, kuhlanganise nokulimala kwengqondo, futhi uma kwenzeka kuFlint, kwakuyizingane ezihluphekile ezithintekayo ngokwezomnotho.
Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-40 e-Flint ahlala ngaphansi kwe-poverty line, cishe izikhathi ezingu-2.8 ezilinganiselwe izinga lobubha lobuzwe e-United States. Isizinda lapho kuhlala khona idolobha elinomlando wempilo embi, usezingeni 81 kumaphesenti angu-82 eMichigan ukuthola imiphumela yezempilo. Inkinga yayiyisibonelo esihle sokuthi izindaba zezempilo zemvelo zivame ukulimaza labo abanesimo sezempilo esesisongcupheni.
Amakhaya Nemiphakathi
Sichitha isikhathi sethu esiningi ekhaya, emsebenzini, noma esikoleni, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi lezi zindawo ziphephile ngezingozi ezincane, futhi zihambisane nendlela yokuphila enempilo. Uma umakhelwane unobundlova obuningi, isibonelo, imindeni ingase ingahambi ngaphandle ukuze ivivinye. Uma imigwaqo ingagcinwa kahle, ingabangela ukuphazamiseka kwemoto eminye.
Insimu ekhulayo kule ndawo yokuphila kwemvelo yukufinyelela kokudla. Izakhamuzi eziningi kulo lonke elase-United States azinawo izitolo zokudla okugcwele eziseduze. Uma bengekho, izakhamuzi kufanele zithembele ezitolo ezilula, njengalezo ezitholakala eziteshini zamagesi, ukuthenga ukudla kwazo. Lokhu kungabiza, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, kungasho ukuthi izinketho zekhwalithi ezincane noma ezimbi kakhulu zezithelo nemifino-ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla okunempilo. Emindenini kulezi zindawo, kungaba umzabalazo wokwenza izinqumo eziphilile, ukwandisa ukungalingani kwezempilo okwamanje okwenziwe ngabantu abaphansi nabathola amancane ikakhulukazi.
Emzamweni wokunciphisa umthelela wale "ndawo yokudliwa kokudla," ochwepheshe bezempilo bezemvelo baxusa imiphakathi ukuthi iqoke izingadi zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingakhula futhi zivune izithelo zabo ezintsha, zenze ngcono ukuthutha komphakathi ukuya ezitolo zokudla okugcwele kanye nezimakethe zamafama, futhi sishintshe imithetho yokwehlukanisa ukugqugquzela abathengisi ukuba banikeze izinketho zokudla okunempilo.
Ingqalasizinda kanye nokuqapha
Ingxenye eyinhloko yanoma yiluphi isu lezempilo lomphakathi ulwazi. Ngokuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izingozi nokuthi kuphi, ochwepheshe bezezempilo zemvelo bangakwazi ukuhambisa izinsiza zokuvimbela noma ukulwa nazo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphenya nokuphendula izifo-insimu ebizwa ngokuthi i- epidemiology- kanye nokuhlola abantu ngezinhlekelele bese kuqaliswa izinhlelo zokubhekwa.
Imisebenzi yokucubungula ihilela ukuphuma nokubhekela ukukhathazeka kwempilo ethile (ukubhekwa okusebenzayo) noma ngokucela abaqeqeshiwe kwamanye amasimu, njengemithi noma ezolimo, ukuze baqaphe ama-ejensi ezemvelo uma behlangana nabo (ukubhekwa ngokucophelela).
Isibonelo salokhu esenzakalweni imisebenzi yokuqapha nokumisa. Lezi zinhlelo zivivinya izinyosi ezintweni ezithile, kubandakanya ukutholakala kwezifo eziyingozi njenge-Zika virus, kanye nokuqapha abantu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zokulawula ziyasebenza. Lolu lwazi lungasiza iziphathimandla zezempilo ukuthi zikwazi ukuthini amahhovisi odokotela, ziqondise ohulumeni basendaweni ukuthi bangaphila futhi bangcono kanjani ukuphalaza omiyane, futhi baqaphele umphakathi uma ukugula okwenzelwe umiyane kusakazeka endaweni.
I-Global Environmental Health
Emashumini eminyaka ezayo, ochwepheshe bezempilo bezemvelo bayakhonya isimo sezulu esishisa, esingahlambuluki esingase senze noma siphumelele izinsongo empilweni yethu yomphakathi kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, isibonelo, izinambuzane eziphethe izifo zingaphila ezindaweni ezazingabanda kakhulu ukuba ziphile, zifaka inani labantu ababhekene nezifo eziphathekayo ezinjenge-dengue kanye ne-malaria. Njengoba amazinga olwandle aphakama, wonke amadolobha asogwini kanye neziqhingi ezisemgodini asengozini yokukhukhula, athumele izigidi zabantu abafuduka ezindaweni ezihlala ezindaweni ezinabantu lapho izifo zingasakazeka ngokushesha.
Njengoba izenzakalo zemozulu ezimbi kakhulu ziba njalo, izikhulu zezempilo zilindele iminyaka eminyana efana no-2017 lapho iziphepho zokubuyela emuva nezikhukhula ezindaweni ezifana neHouston, eFlorida nasePuerto Rico zibhubhisa amakhaya, zenza kube lula ukusabalalisa izifo, futhi zashiya izigidi ngaphandle kwamandla.
Ukuvikela impilo yeplanethi kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekulondolozeni impilo yabantu bonke emhlabeni. Ngisho noma imiphumela yezempilo iye yathuthuka kakhulu eminyakeni eyedlule-ezizweni ezicebile ezifana ne-United States ikakhulukazi-izingozi zemvelo nezifo ezithathelwanayo azikho imingcele yezemvelo. Abantu namuhla bahamba phambili futhi kaningi kunanini ngaphambili, futhi izingxabano ezindaweni ezifana neSiriya, Afghanistan, neSouth Sudan zidala izigidi ukuba zibalekele imizi yazo.
Lokhu kwenyuka emiphakathini ehamba phambili futhi ehamba phambili-ye-continental inekhono lokusongela imizamo yokuvimbela izifo kanye nokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda ekhona. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuthi amazwe abheke ngaphesheya kwemingcele yawo ukuze athuthukise impilo yabantu-hhayi nje eyabo.
Indlela Ongasiza ngayo
Ngokungafani nokudla nokuzivocavoca, izici eziningi zezempilo ezemvelo aziyona into engaphathwa ngokukhethekile ezingeni ngalinye. Ukulwa nobungozi ababekayo ngokuvamile kuthatha imithetho, izinqubomgomo, kanye nezinhlelo ezingeni lendawo, e-federal, nakwamanye amazwe.
Akuyinto engafaneleki, isibonelo, ukuthi wonke umuntu ahlole amakhishi ezindawo zokudlela abajwayele noma ahlole amanzi azo ngezinsimbi ezinzima. Yingakho siye saqeqesha nabahloli abaphephile bokuphepha kokudla kanye nezidakamizwa zezokwelapha ezisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuqinile, okuhlolisisiwe nokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudla nokupheka kwethu kuphephile ukudla. Kuthatha umzamo ophelele futhi odidiyelwe kuwo wonke uhlelo lwezempilo lwezemvelo ukuvikela impilo nokuphepha kwemiphakathi kulo lonke isizwe nomhlaba.
Lokhu kuthiwa, kunezinto eziningi ongayenza ukuze uvikele impilo yemvelo nokuphepha komphakathi wakho nakuwo wonke umhlaba. Ungasiza ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomoya ngokugibela ibhayisikili yakho, ukuthatha ukuhamba okuhamba phambili, noma ukushintshela ucingo esikhundleni sokushayela imoto uye emsebenzini. Ungahlola ikhaya lakho u- radon noma udweba upende noma amapayipi ukuze uvimbele ukuvezwa kwezinto ezinobuthi. Futhi ungakhuluma nohulumeni basekhaya kanye namabhizinisi mayelana nokutshalwa kwemali emisebenzini yezempilo yemvelo eqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umakhelwane uthola indawo ephephile ukuze aphile, asebenze futhi adlale.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Izinsizakalo zezempilo zemvelo.
> Healthy People.gov. Impilo yemvelo. Ihhovisi Lezifo Zokuvimbela Nokunciphisa Impilo.
> I-National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Izihloko zezempilo zemvelo.