I-United States ibona ubudlova obuningi besibhamu kunezinye izizwe ezithuthukile. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-33 000 bafa minyaka yonke ngenxa yezibhamu-okufana nokushaywa kwezimoto-kodwa izikhulu zase-United States azibheki nodlame lwezibhamu ngendlela efanayo nangokwenza ezinye zezindaba zezempilo nezokuphepha, njengezifo ezithathelwanayo noma izigodi. Kungani kungenjalo? Futhi kuthiwani uma senza?
Ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi "indlela yezempilo yomphakathi," izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi ziye zakwazi ukuthuthukisa impilo nokuphepha kwabakhamuzi baseMelika ngenxa yezinkinga eziningi, kusukela ekubhemeni kuya ekukhulupheni.
Le ndlela efanayo, isuselwe ekucwaningweni ingase isetshenziswe ukuze kuncishiswe inani lokulimala okuhlobene nezibhamu, futhi. Nakhu okuzodinga ukuthi kwenzeke.
Khomba Inkinga
Indlela yezempilo yomphakathi iyinhlangano eqhutshwa kwedatha. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuvimbela ukulimala okuhlobene nezibhamu-noma noma iyiphi inkinga yempilo noma yokuphepha-emphakathini onikeziwe uhlolisisa ukuthi kwenzekani, ngubani ohilelekile, nokuthi kanjani, nini, nokuthi kuphi okwenzekayo. Ukuze uthole lolu hlobo lwolwazi, izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zibuka idatha kusuka emithonjeni eminingi, kuhlanganise nemibiko yamaphoyisa, amarekhodi esibhedlela, nokuhlola. Lolu lwazi luhlaziywa ukubona ukuthi zikhona yini izitayela noma izindawo ezithile lapho izinhlelo noma izinguquko zenqubomgomo zingasebenza kakhulu.
Yilokho okwenziwe ngamabhande esihlalo. Lapho abacwaningi bethola ukuthi amabhande ahlala phansi akwehla ubungozi bokufa, izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zaqala ukuphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo, futhi zithi imithetho eyayibafuna.
Umphumela waba izimoto eziphephile, abashayeli abaphephile, nokufa okuncane okusuka emotweni yemoto.
Ukuze uthole ukuthi unganciphisa kanjani ubudlova basebhamu e-United States, kufanele uqale ubeke ukuthi kwenzekani nokuthi ubani ohilelekile. Ngaphandle kwalesi sinyathelo, kunzima ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinsiza okufanele zinikezwe, okufanele zihloselwe, noma yiziphi izinyathelo ezingase ziphumelele kakhulu.
Ukukhipha Ingozi Yokhiye Nezivikelo Zokuzivikela
Ngemuva kokuthi inkinga ikhonjisiwe, abacwaningi bathatha i-dive ejulile yedatha ukuthola ukuthi yini engenza inkinga ibe ngcono noma ibuhlungu. Benza lokhu ngokukhomba izici eziyingozi kanye nezici zokuvikela.
Izingozi zezingozi yizinto ezingenza omunye umuntu abe nomphumela omubi kakhulu, njengokuba isisulu noma umenzi wobugebengu obhejane. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubhema kuyingozi engaziwayo yomdlavuza ngoba ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ababhemayo banomdlavuza ophakeme kunabangabhemi. Izikhulu zezeMpilo zahlukanisa lolu lwazi ukuloba izincomo, izinqubomgomo, nezinhlelo zokusiza ukunciphisa inani labantu ababhema futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukunciphisa izinga lomdlavuza.
Izici zokuvikela , ngakolunye uhlangothi, yizinto ezibonakala zinciphisa ingozi yemiphumela emibi-ngokuyinhloko, ukuthi yini okufanele siyenze noma sizama ukwandisa. Isibonelo, ukuzivocavoca kuyisici esivikelayo ngomdlavuza ngoba ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu abanezinhlobo zempilo enempilo banamanani aphansi omdlavuza. Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha nezomphakathi basebenzisa lolo lwazi ukukhuthaza abantu ukuba bakhulise isikhathi esichitha ukusebenzisa njalo ngesonto.
Endabeni yokufa noma ukulimala okuhlobene nezibhamu, izingozi kanye nezici zokuzivikela zingashintsha kakhulu, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lomphumela olufundwayo. Ngenkathi ukudubula kwabantu abaningi kutholakala ukunakekelwa kwezindaba, kunezindlela eziningi ukusebenzisa izibhamu kungabangela ukulimala; ezinye zazo azihlosile. Ngaphandle kwezibhamu ezisetshenziselwa ukulimala ngamabomu-njengokuqondene nokubulala abantu, ukudubula okukhulu, nokuzibulala-ukuhlukumeza izibhamu kungahlanganisa nemicimbi efana nokukhishwa kwengozi. Ukucwaninga ingozi noma izivikelo ezivikelayo ezihambisana nalezi zinhlobo zokudubula okungenhloso, zingasisiza ukukhomba izinto ezingenza izibhamu zingenakwenzeka ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi okungalindelekile njengomlilo noma izici zokuphepha kwesibhamu-kanti ukutadisha ukuthi yini eyenza ukubulawa komuntu okungenani kungabonakaliswa ngokuphelele izici ezihlukahlukene zokugxila kuzo.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi nakuba izinto ezithile zingase zandisa ingozi yokulimala ngezibhamu, ukuba khona kwengozi engozini akusho ukuthi ubudlova akunakugwemeka noma ukuthi izisulu zizolahlwa uma zilimazwa.
Izivivinyo Zokuhlola Ezenzekayo
Uma izici eziyinhloko zikhonjisiwe, ochwepheshe bezempilo emphakathini baqala umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa futhi-okubaluleke kakhulu-ukuhlolwa okusemandleni okubhekana nalolu daba. Ukungenelela kwempilo yomphakathi kungathatha amafomu amaningi. Ezinye zibandakanya izinhlelo zokufundisa, lapho abantu abakhulu befundiswa khona ukuphatha noma ukunciphisa ingozi yokulimala. Abanye bangase bahilele ukunikeza izincomo kubachwepheshe emkhakheni othile, njengabadokotela, abasebenzi bezenhlalakahle, noma abakhiqizi, noma ukuphakamisa izinguquko zenqubomgomo njengemithetho noma imithetho ekhishwe yizinhlangano ezilawulayo.
Lezi zinhlelo zisekelwe ezincwadini zedatha nokucwaninga ezitholakalayo futhi zivame ukubunjwa yilokho okusebenza kwezinye izindawo noma imiphakathi. Bese behlelwe kahle futhi bahlolwe besebenzisa ucwaningo oluningi njengeqembu lokugxila noma ukuhlola, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kufanelekile futhi kwenzeke kubantu ofuna ukufinyelela. Le nqubo yonke iyaziwa njengohlelo olusekelwe ebufakazini, futhi kuyindlela ebalulekile abahleli bezinhlelo zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsiza zinikezwa ngendlela ephumelelayo nangempumelelo ngangokunokwenzeka.
Sisebenzise izinhlelo eziqinisekisiwe
Ngemuva kokuba lezi zinyathelo zizibonakalise zisebenza kahle ezindaweni ezincane, abanye baqeqeshwe ukuthi bangamukela kanjani lezi zinhlelo noma izinqubomgomo zokuqaliswa emiphakathini yabo. Ngokuvamile e-United States, indima "yokusakaza" ithathwa yiCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), i-federal agency ephethe ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi ezingeni likazwelonke. Uma, isibonelo, uhlelo lwezemfundo oluthile luboniswe ukuthi lusebenza kahle ekufundiseni abazali bezingane ezincane ukuthi balondoloze kanjani izibhamu zabo ngokuphepha ekhaya, i-CDC ingaqeqesha iminyango yezempilo yasendaweni ukuqhuba lezi zigaba emiphakathini yazo.
Kuzo zonke izinyathelo ezine zendlela yezempilo yomphakathi, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo luyisihluthulelo, futhi ukuqoqwa kwedatha akupheli. Indlela yokwelapha yomphakathi yokuhlukumeza izibhamu ingasho ukuqhubeka nokuqapha inkinga nganoma yiziphi izinguquko noma ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nokuhlola umthelela wamasondo asevele ahambayo. Uma inkinga ishintshela noma izimo ezintsha zengozi ziphakama, kungaba kubalulekile ukulungisa noma ukuqondisa kabusha izinhlelo ukuze baqhubeke bephumelela.
Ngokufanayo, amanye amazwe noma imiphakathi ingase iqalise amasu amasha noma amasha afakazela ngokuphumelelayo ukuvimbela ukulimala okuhlobene nezibhamu. Ngaphandle kokuqapha okuqhubekayo, i-United States ingase iphuthelwe ekusebenziseni isu elingase liphumelele nakakhulu.
Izinkinga Zokusebenzisa Indlela Yomphakathi Kahulumeni
Njengamanje, i-United States yonke iyathinteka ekusebenziseni indlela yezempilo yomphakathi ukuvimbela udlame lwezibhamu ngenxa yokwehluleka kwedatha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni ehlinzekwa ngokuqhuba uphenyo lwezempilo lomphakathi-i-CDC-ayivunyelwe ngokufanele ukutadisha udlame lwezibhamu. I-ejensi ihlola izinkinga eziningi zempilo yomphakathi, kusukela emigodini eya ekushayweni kwezimoto, kodwa yayeka cishe konke ukucwaninga ngokuhlukunyezwa kwesibhamu ngo-1996.
Ukuthutha kunezimpande zezombangazwe. I-CDC yaxhaswa isifundo esashicilelwe ngo-1993 esathola ukuthi ukutholakala nesibhamu ekhaya kwakuyisici esibangela ukubulala. Ephendula, i-National Rifle Association (NRA) yaqala ukucela iCongress ukuba iqede ngokuphelele le nhlangano. Le nhlangano yahlala, kepha amalungu enhlangano ezwelana ne-NRA ibeka ulimi emthethweni oyimali eyabelwe ukuthi "akukho mali ekhona eyenziwa ukuvimbela nokulimala kokulimala kwiCenter for Disease Control and Prevention ingasetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza noma ukukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwezibhamu. "Lesi sigaba, esaziwa ngokuthi i-Dickey Amendment, siqhubeka sifakwa emalini yemali eyabelwe unyaka nonyaka, futhi kunokuba sengozini yokulahlekelwa yizimali, i-CDC inqume ukucwaninga ukuhlukumeza isibhamu ngokuphelele.
Ngemva kokudubula esikoleni saseNewtown ngo-2012-lapho izingane ezingaphezu kuka-20 kanye nabafundisi bebulawa ngumuntu oshaya isibhamu-uMongameli Obama wakhipha umyalelo kuNobhala WezeMpilo NezeMisebenzi Yabantu kanye noMqondisi Wezikhungo Zokulawulwa Kwezifo Nokuvimbela Ukuqhubeka Nokufunda ukuhlukunyezwa kwesibhamu ukuze kutholakale izimbangela eziyisisekelo namasu okuvimbela. Nokho, ucwaningo aluzange luphinde lubuyele ezingeni elifanayo ngaphambi kwesinqumo sika-1996.
I-CDC akuyona kuphela i-ejensi engasetshenziswa ngokutadisha ukukhishwa kwesibhamu-i-National Institute of Justice, ngokwesibonelo, yenze ucwaningo emva kokuhlelwa kukaDickey-kodwa kuwumthombo omkhulu wemali ohulumeni basekhaya kanye ezinye izikhungo ezibheke ezindabeni zezempilo zomphakathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlangano ezimbalwa ezincane zinendlela yokubheka udlame lwezibhamu ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwezibonelelo ezivela kuhulumeni wesifundazwe.
Ngenxa yezingqinamba ezijulile zezombangazwe zaleso sihloko, izinhlangano eziningi zezempilo zomphakathi ziye zakhetha nokugwema indawo ngokuphelele kunengozi ezenza ukubonakala kokuthatha isimo sezombangazwe nokulahlekelwa yizimali kwezinye izindawo. Ngenxa yalokho, okuningi kwemininingwane etholakalayo ngokuhlukunyezwa kwesibhamu okwamanje etholakalayo akuphelele futhi kuphelelwe yisikhathi.
Umthelela walokhu awukwazi ukudlula. Ngaphandle kwedatha eyanele kulokho okwenzekayo ngokuphathelene nokulimala okuhlobene nezibhamu nokuthi ngubani othintekayo nokuthi kungani, izinhlaka zezempilo zomphakathi azikwazi ukuthuthukisa noma ukuphakamisa izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokunciphisa ubudlova basebhamu, ungazitholi ukuzisebenzisa. Ngamafuphi, ngaphandle kwedatha, indlela yezempilo yomphakathi cishe ayinakwenzeka ukuba iqashe ezingeni likazwelonke kuze kube yilapho uhulumeni wesifundazwe ephakamisa ukuvinjelwa kwayo ngokuphumelelayo kulolu hlobo locwaningo.
Izwi elivela
Ukubiza ngendlela yezempilo yomphakathi ngokuhlukumeza izibhamu akufani nokukhuthaza ukulawula isibhamu. Kuyinto nje inqubo yokucubungula ukuthi ingakanani inkinga, yini engenziwa, nokuthi yini ebonise ukuthi iphumelele ukuxazulula inkinga futhi yenza imiphakathi ibe nempilo futhi iphephile. Yize kungenzeka ukuthi imiphumela yalendlela ingabonisa ukuthi imithetho ethile ingase iphumelele ekuvimbeleni ukulimala nokufa okuhlobene nokulwa nezibhamu, noma yikuphi ukuphakanyiswa okwenziwe kuzobe kusekelwe ekubuyekezweni okuhleliwe kobufakazi kanye nedatha-hhayi ukuhlanganyela okuhlangene noma i-ajenda yezopolitiki.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. Indlela yezempilo yomphakathi ekuvimbeleni ubudlova. 2015.
> UJamieson, ucwaningo lobudlova lweCC Gun: Umlando wezimali ezisemthethweni zifisa. I-American Psychological Association. 2013.
> I-National Institute of Justice. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwesibhamu. 2017.