Ama-measles yisifo esithathelwanayo nesandulela ngculazi esibangelwa ukuvezwa komuntu onegciwane. Ukweqa, ukukhwehlela nokukhuluma kungasakazeka, kepha igciwane lingaphila ezindaweni zokuhlala kanye nomoya isikhathi esilinganiselwe-eside ngokwanele ukuthelela umuntu omusha. Ngaphambi kokugoma komjovo wokuvuthwa okuvamile e-United States ngo-1963, kwakukhona amacala angaba ngu-3 kuya kwangu-4 wezigungqungqungqungqangi ngonyaka.
Nakuba ukugoma kuye kwenza cishe isisombululo ukukhathazeka okwedlule e-United States, kusekhona ukukhathazeka kwamanye amazwe. Iziqhumane zomhlaba wonke zenzeka futhi labo abangenalo igciwane bangakwazi ukubeka bona kanye nabanye besengozini.
Izimbangela ezivamile
Imisipha ibangelwa igciwane lesandulela ngculazi elibizwa ngokuthi i-paramyxovirus eliphindaphinda emqaleni nasemphuneni wakho. Isakazwa ngamaconsi okuphefumula lapho umuntu ogulayo ehlambalaza, ekhwehlela noma ekhuluma. Igciwane lingaphila emoyeni nasezindaweni ezingaphezulu kwamahora amabili emva kokuba umuntu onezimpawu zesimungele uye washiya indawo. Ihlasela isimiso sakho sokuphefumula, esibangela imfiva nezibonakaliso ezifana nemikhuhlane, bese isakazeka emzimbeni wakho wonke. Njengoba ama-antibodies akho ahlasela leli gciwane, ukulimala ezindongeni zemithambo emincane yegazi kwenzeka, okuholela ekugqibeleni kwemashubhu.
Umuntu onesifo esithathelwanayo usakazeka ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili-izinsuku ezine ngaphambi kwezinsuku ezine ngemuva kokukhishwa kwesimungulu kubonakala.
Amaphilisi asakazeka kakhulu ukuthi umuntu othelelekile ovezwe kubantu abayi-10 abangenasifo sesimungumungwane uzosusa 9 kwabangu-10.
Amaphesenti angaba ngu-20 wesimungumungwane adinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela kanye nokunye ukuya kudokotela noma ekamelweni eliphuthumayo ngenxa yemfiva ephezulu. Lokhu kungafaka abanye abantu kulawo masethingi, ikakhulukazi labo abanezinkinga zesistimu ye-immune, engozini uma behlukana ngokucophelela.
Ngeshwa, lapho abazali bethatha izingane zabo ngeyisimungwane ukuze bathole ukwelashwa, abavame ukusola ukuthi banesimungumzimba futhi baveze abantu abaningi ezinganeni zabo uma becindezela kakhulu.
Ukugonywa isimungumzimba akugcini nje ukukuvikela ekuguleni, nakho kukuvimbela ekusakazeni isisungele kwabanye. Abantu abangagciniwe baqhubeka beya kwamanye amazwe lapho isifo sesimungumzimba sivame khona futhi sibuyisele lapha, sisakaze kwabanye. Naphezu kokukhathazeka okubanzi mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kokugoma kanye ne-autism, ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuthi akubonakali ukuthi kukhona inhlangano phakathi kwalaba ababili.
Izisulu Emva kokugoma
Kunesinye isimo esinzima kakhulu sesisimungumzimba esinobuthakathaka besypical. Lokhu kwenzeka kubantu abagonywe umgomo wokugungqa isisombululo wokuqala phakathi kuka-1963 no-1967, owawuphethe igciwane elibulalayo noma elingasebenzi. Ngenxa yokuthi abazange bahlaselwe igciwane lesandulela ngculaza, laba bantu basengenayo igciwane uma bevezwa umuntu onomunyu. Izimpawu zimbi kakhulu futhi zivame ukuqala ngomkhuhlane omkhulu kanye nokukhanda ikhanda. Ukushisa ngokuvamile kuvame ukuqala emagqumeni noma ama-ankles esikhundleni sobuso nekhanda, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ungalokothi ufike ku-trunk nhlobo. Leli fomu lemasingisi libonakala lingenasasa futhi lihle kakhulu manje.
Iningi labantu abaye laba nemigomo yesishukela, ama-mumps, kanye nemigomo ye-rubella (MMR) ayigcinwe yisimungumungwane, nakuba abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 kwabangu-100 abaye babe nemingcele yomabili bangase babe nesimungulu uma bevezwe kuso. Ochwepheshe bezempilo abaqiniseki ukuthi kungani lokhu kuyilapho, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi amasosha omzimba athile angaphenduli kahle emtholampilo. Kodwa-ke, uma uye waba nemigomo yakho futhi usaqhubeka usungula imilenze, eyaziwa kulezi zimo njengamasimungumzimba alungisiwe, ukugula ngeke kube nzima kakhulu. Akusetheleleki kangako, futhi.
Iziqhumane
Ukuqhuma kwenzeka uma kwenzeka ezinye izifo zesifo emphakathini, endaweni yendawo, noma ngenkathi kunalokho kulindeleke.
Izici eziningana zisiza ekunciphiseni ukuqubuka kwesimungumungwane e-United States, nakuba sibone okuningi kubo eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Okubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi naphezu kokukhulumisana nokukhulelwa kwemithi yokukhulelwa kanye nabazali abavimbela ukuvimbela izingane zabo, bagcine benesifo somzimba esiphezulu.
E-United States, amaphesenti angu-91.9 wezingane athola okungenani umthamo owodwa wokugonywa kwe-MMR ngesikhathi beneminyaka engu-35 ubudala kanti amaphesenti angu-90.7 entsha ayenamanani amabili. Ngenkathi ingaphelele, lokho kusezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu kunamanye amazinga amaningi okugoma emhlabeni jikelele. Esikhundleni sezinga eliphansi lokugoma, i-United States inezinqola zezingane ezingenasifo esingaphansi kwegciwane. Kula maqoqo kanye nemiphakathi lapho kuqhuma iziqhumane.
Ngo-2014, i-United States yabona ukugqashuka okukhulu kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000 enezicathulo ezingu-667 zamasimungumbiko ezabikwa emazweni angu-27. Ukuqhuma okukhulu, okuthinta ama-383 kulaba bantu abangu-667, kwenzeka ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yama-Amishi e-Ohio. Eziningi zalezi zimo zaxhunyaniswa nePhilippines, lapho kwakukhona nokuqubuka okukhulu kwesimungumungwane.
Izimbalwa ezimbalwa zezimungumungwane kulezi ziqhumane zikhona kubantu abagonywe ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, lapho kuqhuma khona iYurophu ngo-2011-lapho abantu abangu-30 000 benesisulu, babulala abantu abangu-8, amacala angu-27 enesimungumane encephalitis, namacala angu-1,482 we-pneumonia-amacala amaningi ayengenasifo (amaphesenti angu-82) noma abantu abaphethwe ngamaphesenti angu-13 (engamaphesenti angu-13) .
Ngaphezu kwamanye amazwe amaningi asathuthuka lapho isishukela sisekhona khona, ukubikwa kwesimungumungqungquthela emhlabeni jikelele kuye kwabikwa eJapane, e-United Kingdom, ePhilippines nakwamanye amazwe, okwenza kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ugonywe ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuphuma e-United States .
I-Anatomy yokuqhekeka
Ukubheka ngokucophelela ukugqashuka kwesimungulu eSan Diego, eCalifornia, ngo-2008 kungakusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono okwenzekayo ngenye yalezi ziqhumane nokuthi bangaki abantu abathintekayo abangakwazi ukuveza.
Owesilisa oneminyaka engu-7 ubudala owayengakaze avunyelwe ngoba abazali bakhe babenokholo lokugodla imithi yokuya eSwitzerland nomndeni wakhe. Ngemva kwesonto ebuyela ekhaya evela ohambweni, wagula kodwa waphindela esikoleni ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Wabe esehlaselwa futhi wabona udokotela wakhe womndeni, elandelwa udokotela wezingane zakhe, wabe esehamba ekamelweni eliphuthumayo ngoba waqhubeka ene-fever ephezulu nokugqwala, kokubili izimpawu zesigciwane sasendulo.
Ekugcineni wathola ukuthi unesimungumungwane, kodwa hhayi ngaphambi kokuba ezinye izingane ezingu-11 zithole igciwane lesisu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izingane zakubo ezimbili, izingane ezinhlanu esikoleni sakhe, nezingane ezine ezazithatha ehhovisi lakhe.
Akuyona elula njengalokho, noma kunjalo. Phakathi nalokhu kuqubuka kwesishukela:
- Abantwana abathathu abathathwe igciwane babengaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala, ngakho-ke bancane kakhulu ukuba bagonywe.
- Eyesishiyagalombili kwezinye izingane ezingu-9 okungenani izinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala zazingavunyelwe ngoba zinezikhwama zemithi yokukhulelwa.
- Abantwana abangaba ngu-70 babekwe ngaphansi kokuzihlukanisa ngokuzithandela izinsuku ezingu-21 ngemuva kokutholakala kwabo kokugcina ngenxa yokuthi babekwe eceleni kwamacala okuyisimungumungwane futhi bebengathandi ukugonywa noma babebancane kakhulu.
- Enye yezinsana ezinomunyu eza eHawaii, ziphakamisa ukwesaba ukuthi ukuqhuma kwesimungumungwane kungasakazeka khona futhi.
Bonke, abantu abangu-839 babonwe igciwane lesirayisane baqala ingane eyodwa egciniwe.
Omunye wabo wayengumntwana oneminyaka engu-10 ubudala otheleleke ekuphenyweni kwakhe kwengane, wayesemncane kakhulu ukuthola umuthi we-MMR okwamanje, futhi wagcina esechitha izinsuku ezintathu esibhedlela esimweni esisongela ukuphila.
Izingozi Ezivamile Zengozi
Ukuba ingane encane, engavunyelwe yiyona ingozi eyinhloko yokuthola igciwane lesigqebhezana nokuthuthukisa izinkinga. Uma uthola igciwane lesishukela futhi awuzange ugonywe, ithuba lakho lokuthola lingamaphesenti angama-90, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uneminyaka yakho.
Ezinye izinto ezivame ukubhekana nobungozi besimungumungeni zihlanganisa:
- Amantombazane angagciniwe ngenxa yokuthi asemncane kakhulu: Umgomo wokugoma wesimungumzimba awusebenzi ezinganeni ngoba amasosha omzimba awo awazange akhiqize ngokwanele ukudala impendulo yokuzivikela evikelayo emithonjeni. Ukuze izinsana ezizohamba ngaphandle kwe-United States, kunconywa ukuthi zithole i-MMR yazo ezinyangeni ezingu-6 kuya kwezingu-11 kunokuba zilinde kuze kube izinyanga ezingu-12 kuya kwezi-15 zendabuko.
- Abantu abangavunyelwe izizathu zezokwelapha: Abanye abantu abakwazi ukuthola umgomo we-MMR ngenxa yezimpikiswano ezifana nokuzikhumbuza imithi noma ukuthi bathatha izidakamizwa ezithile, njengokwelashwa kwemithi yesifo noma imithi ephezulu ye-steroids.
- Ukugonywa ngokungapheli: Labo abangazange bathole umthamo wesibili we-MMR abanalo igciwane eliphelele lokuyisimungulu. Iningi lezingane alitholi isibhamu sabo kuze kube seminyaka engu-4 kuya ku-6. Umuthi wokuqala wokugoma uhamba kahle ngamaphesenti angu-93, kodwa owesibili unamaphesenti angu-97 aphumelelayo.
- Ukugonywa ngokugcwele kodwa hhayi ukuthuthukisa ukuzivikela komzimba: Lokhu kwenzeka cishe emaphesenti amathathu abantu abagonywe.
- Abantu abangenakuzivikela: Lokhu kuyiqiniso noma ngabe bebelokhu bethola umgomo we-MMR.
- Ukuntuleka kwe-Vitamin A: Lokhu kukukhathazeka kukuvumela ukuba utholakale nesimungumungwane nokugula kube nzima kakhulu.
Izindlela Zengozi Yokuphila
Ukuhamba ngamazwe ngamazwe nokukhetha ukungagomyi yizinto ezimbili zokuphila eziyingozi zokuthola isishukela, futhi ziyizinto ezibalulekile. Emhlabeni wonke, isishukela singenye yezimbangela zokufa ezinganeni ezingakazalwa ezingaphansi kweminyaka engama-5 Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa komgomo wokugoma imishanguzo kanye nesimungumungwane, ama-mumps, nomuthi wokugoma we-rubella (i-MMR) (1971), amacala okuyisimungulu-nezinkinga ezivela lezo zimo-zaziphakeme. Kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka, ahlala ephakeme kunase-United States namanje.
Umehluko manje wukuthi esikhundleni sokusakazeka e-United States njengoba kwakuvame ukuba ngaphambi komgogodla, cishe zonke izimo zesimungumzimba zixhumene nokuhamba ngaphandle kwezwe, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Futhi kunokuba kwenzeke kubantu abangenawo umgomo wokugoma, amacala amaningi manje ase-United States aphakathi kwabantu abakhetha ukungagonyi ngokwabo kanye nezingane zabo.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). Izisulu. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, ama-eds. Ku: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 13th ed. I-Washington DC Public Health Foundation; 2015.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). Ukugonywa, ama-Mumps, noRubella (MMR) Ukugonywa: Okufanele Wonke Umuntu Akwazi. Kubuyekezwe ngomhla ka-2 Februwari, 2018.
> Abasebenzi beMayo Clinic. Izisulu. I-Mayo Clinic. Kubuyekezwe ngomhla ka-9 Mashi, 2018.
> Sugerman DE. Ukuqubuka kwezidumbu ku-Population High Vaccinated, eSan Diego, ngo-2008: Indima Yokwehluleka Ngokweqile. Izingane zokwelapha. April 2010; 125 (4): 747-755. i-doi: 10.1542 / imigqa.2009-1653.
> I-World Health Organization. I-Fact Sheet Fact Sheet. NgoMashi 2017.