Indlela yodwa yokuvimbela isishukela ukuthola umgomo wokugoma isishukela, ama-mumps, kanye ne-rubella (MMR). Omunye umgomo we-MMR unikeza cishe ukuvikeleka kwamaphesenti angu-93 emasimini. I-second booster dose, eyaqala ukuphakanyiswa ngo-1990, iyasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza komgomo wokugqoka isisemungeni kumazinga angaphezu kuka-97. Nakuba kuhlale kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wena namalungu omndeni wakho usesikhathini sokugonywa kwabo, kubaluleke kakhulu-ikakhulu uma kuziwa isishukela-ukwenza kanjalo ngaphambi kokuhamba ngaphandle kwe-United States.
Amacala amancane ase-United States enqatshelwe ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-99 kusukela ohlelweni lokugoma lwesishukela oluqala ngo-1963. Emhlabeni wonke, ukugoma kwamashukela nge-Measles Initiative kuye kwaholela ekunciphiseni ngamaphesenti angama-84 ekufeni kwemasimungula kusukela ngo-2000, nakuba lesi sifo sisasele ukukhathazeka emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke (ukuthuthukisa nokunye).
Ukugonywa
Yiqiniso, indlela engcono kakhulu yokugwema isishukela iwukuba nengculazi kulezi zifo ezithathelwanayo ngokuthola umgomo we-MMR. Njengoba izingane zivame ukugonywa ngokuyisimungumungwane ngomjovo we-MMR uma zinezinyanga ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-15 ubudala (umthamo wokuqala) futhi futhi eminyakeni engama-4 kuya kwengu-6 (umthamo we-booster), khumbula ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthi izinsana zisengozini yokuyisimungulu ngaphambi kokuba thola i-MMR shot yokuqala nokuthi abancane nabasenkulisa nabo basengozini yokuyisimungumzimba ngoba bavikelekile kuphela ngemuva kokuthola i-MMR yabo yokuqala yokudubula.
Ngubani okufanele athole igciwane
Umuthi wokugoma we-MMR unconywa kubo bonke abantwana. Umuthi wokugoma wokuqala kufanele unikezwe ezinyangeni ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-15, kanti owesibili eminyakeni engama-4 kuya kwengu-6, nje ngaphambi kokungena enkulisa. Ingane ezoya kwelinye izwe ngaphambi kokugonywa kufanele ibonwe yidokotela wezingane ukuze ithole umgomo wokugoma.
Abantu abadala abangazange bagonywe kufanele bathole okungenani umthamo owodwa. Labo abasebenza ekunakekelweni kwezempilo noma esikoleni noma ezindaweni zaseyunivesithi basengozini enkulu yokuchayeka futhi kufanele bathole amanani amabili ngaphakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-28 komunye nomunye.
Uma uhlela ukukhulelwa, kufanele uhlole nodokotela wakho ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi unamasosha omzimba, ngoba uviniga uma ukhulelwe kungaba yingozi kakhulu kumntanakho. Uma ungenamandla omzimba, kufanele uthole okungenani i-MMR eyodwa okungenani inyanga ngaphambi kokuba ukhulelwe. I-CDC ithi iphephile ukuthola i-MMR ngenkathi ubeletha.
Abantu abadala
Abazali abahlala bebhekene neziqhumane zakamuva zegciwane lesishukela cishe baye baqaphela ukuthi akuyona nje izingane ezingavunyelwe ezithola isisulu. Abantu abadala abangavunyelwe ukulwa nesimungumungwane, noma, cishe, abagonywe ngokugcwele , baye bavame ukubhekana nesigungumungqimba ngenkathi behamba ngaphandle kwe-United States futhi sebeqale iziqhumane ekhaya.
Njengabantwana, abantu abadala abazalelwa ngemuva noma emva kuka-1957 kumele bathole amanani amabili we-MMR uma bevulwa yisimungulu noma bazohamba ngaphandle kwe-United States. Abantu abazalwa ngaphambi kuka-1957 bacatshangwa ukuthi bavikelekile emasimini.
Njengoba uhlelo lokugoma lwegciwane lesisemungeni lokunikeza abantwana ama-booster booster of MMR aluzange lube isimiso kuze kube ngo-1990, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abadala abadala abazalwa ngaphambi kuka-1986 bangase bangagonywa ngokugcwele futhi bavikeleke emasimini.
Abantu abadala abazalwa emva kuka-1986 kungenzeka ukuthi babe nomthamo we-MMR ngo-1990 lapho beneminyaka emine ubudala.
Abantu abadala bangadingeka ukwenza okulandelayo:
- Cabanga ukuthi uphinde uphinde uhlaliswe ngamamitha amabili we-MMR uma ugonywa ngemigomo yangasese engasetshenziswanga phakathi kuka-1963 no-1967.
- Thola umthamo wesibili we-MMR uma uzoba umfundi esikhungweni semfundo esiphezulu noma usebenza esikhungweni sokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
Khumbula, ukugoma komasese kuyindlela ephephile futhi ephumelelayo yokusiza ukuzivikela emasimungeni nokusiza ukuvimbela ukuqhuma komshukela.
Izimo ezikhethekile
Kunezimo lapho kunconywa ukuthi izingane zithole ama-MMR shots ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokunconywa okunconywayo, ikakhulukazi izingane ezizophuma e-United States.
Kulabo bantwana, i-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ithi umgomo we-MMR unganikwa izingane ezincane ezineminyaka eyisithupha ubudala. Izingane okungenani izinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala kufanele zithole amanani amabili we-MMR, ehlukaniswe okungenani izinsuku ezingu-28 uma zizohamba emhlabeni wonke.
Uma izimo zamasosha e-United States ziyaqhubeka zikhuphuka, lokhu kungase kube yisincomo esijwayelekile ngokwesikhashana. I-CDC's Manual for Surveillance of Vaccin-Preventable Diseases ithi: "Uma kwenzeka amacala amaningi phakathi kwezinsana ezineminyaka engaphansi kwengu-12 ubudala, ukugoma komshukela wezinsana ezincane ezinyangeni ezingu-6 ubudala kungenziwa njengendlela yokulawula isifo."
Ngeshwa, izingane ezithola isibhamu se-MMR ngaphambi kokuba zinezinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala zizodingeka ziphindwe uma zinezinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala kusukela ekuqaleni kwamanani okucatshangwa ukuthi ayisebenzi kangako.
Ngubani ongafanelanga ukugonywa
Abesifazane abakhulelweyo nabantu abanamasosha omzimba ababuthakathaka akufanele bathole umgomo ngoba kwenziwa ngamagciwane aphilile, anesifo esithintekayo, okusho ukuthi amagciwane aphethwe amandla futhi angeke aphile kubantu abanezifo ezizivikelo zomzimba. Kubantu abazivikela ngamasosha omzimba ababuthakathaka, igciwane lesandulela ngculazi lingase libe namandla ngokwanele ukuze lisinde futhi lidale ukutheleleka. Kulaba besifazane abakhulelwe, kumane nje kuqaphele ukulinda kuze kube yilapho usubelethile ngaphambi kokuba uthole umgomo we-MMR.
Ngenxa yezithako ezengeziwe zomuthi wokugoma we-MMR, abantu abanezifo ezinzima ezibangelwa i-gelatin noma i-neomycin yama-antibiotic akufanele futhi bathole umgomo. Abantu abaye basabela ngokuqinile, okusongela ukuphila komgomo ongaphambilini we-MMR akufanele bathole ukudubula kwesibili. Uma ugula, khuluma nodokotela wakho ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi uhamba phambili ukuze uthole umgomo wakho.
Ukuhambela Emhlabeni Wonke
Ungacabangi noma yikuphi ukuhamba kwamazwe omhlaba uma wonke umuntu emndenini engekho esesimweni semigomo yabo yesigqebhezana. Iningi lalezi zivunguvungu zesimungumane zamanje ziqala ngomuntu oyedwa ongagciniwe ophuma ezweni kuze kube endaweni enezinga eliphakeme lokuyisimungulu.
Nakuba lokho kwakusho ukuhamba ezweni lesithathu noma emazweni asathuthuka, kunamanje amazinga aphezulu okusingqimba emazweni amaningi eYurophu nakwamanye amazwe asezimboni. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuthi uthole igciwane efanele ngaphambi kokuphuma e-United States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umndeni wakho uhlela ukuhamba kuphi.
Ukuvezwa nokuqhekeka
Uma wena noma ingane yakho ivulekile isisimungumungwane noma uma kukhona ukuqhuma kwesimungumungwane endaweni yakho, kufanele wenze lokhu okulandelayo:
- Hlola kabili amarekhodi omgomo wengane yakho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unezilinganiso ezifanele zama-MMR.
- Yenza ingane yakho ibambe imishanguzo emitholampilo, ikakhulukazi i-MMR, enganikeza ukuvikeleka okuthile uma ivuleka isisimungumzimba futhi ingagonywanga-uma nje ithola isibhamu se-MMR kungakapheli amahora angama-72 okuvezwa.
- Hlola kabili amarekhodi akho okugoma njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi awunayo i-booster MMR uma uzalwa ngaphambi kuka-1990 lapho ukuthola umthamo we-MMR waba yisimiso.
- Futhi kabili-hlola amarekhodi akho okugoma ukuze ubone ukuthi ugonywe yini ngemishanguzo yokugqoka isirabhu kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1963 kuya ku-1967, okwakungeyona ephumelelayo njenge-MMR entsha futhi kufanele iphindwe.
- Yilungele ingane engavunyelwe ukuhlukaniswa esikoleni kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-21 uma kukhona ukuqubuka kwesishukela futhi awufuni ukumthola umthamo wokutshengisa ukuthunyelwa komjovo we-MMR.
Ukuphepha
Imithi yokugoma i-MMR iphephile kakhulu. Iphesenti elincani lezingane lizothola ukushiswa okuncane, umkhuhlane, noma ukugcoba noma ukuvuvukala lapho kudutshulwe khona shot. Amapayipi aphakeme abangela ukuqubuka ayeke abike ngezinye izikhathi, kodwa ayabunjwa futhi awahlotshaniswa nezinkinga zesikhathi eside. Ukuvuvukala okuhlangene kungase kwenzeke emaphesenti amancane kakhulu weziguli, ngokuvamile intsha esekhulile kanye nabantu abadala.
I-Autism Fallacy
Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa uDkt. Andrew Wakefield olwanyatheliswa encwadini yezokwelapha iLancet ngo-1998 lwafaka umuthi wokugoma we-MMR njengesizathu se-autism. Ukwesaba okukhulu mayelana nalokhu kwaholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwenani labantwana abathola umgomo we-MMR, okwaholela ekwandeni kwenani lamasimungumane, ama-mumps no-rubella.
Ukulalelwa kwezigwegwe zango-2009 yi-General Medical Council kunqume ukuthi uDkt. Wakefield usebenzise idatha yeziguli futhi isifundo sichithwe. Izifundo eziningi ezihlelwe kahle futhi ezihle kakhulu ziye zabonisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi akukho hlangana phakathi kwe-MMR ne-autism. Ngo-February 12, 2009, inkantolo yenhlangano yase-United States inqume ukuthi imigomo ayibangeli i-autism .
Imisipha yisifo esivinjelwe. Ngeke ucabange ukuthi ukugoma kwabaningi okwanele kunokwanele ukukugcina uphephile uma ungagonywanga ngokuyisimungumanga ngokwakho.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). Isahluko 7: Izitshalo. Roush SW, Baldy LM, ama-eds. Ku: I-Manual for the Monitoring of Izifo ezivimbela ukugoma. I-Atlanta, GA: Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo; 2012. Ibuyekezwe ngoJanuwari 5, 2018.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). Izisulu. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, ama-eds. Ku: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 13th ed. I-Washington DC Public Health Foundation; 2015.
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC). Ukugonywa, ama-Mumps, noRubella (MMR) Ukugonywa: Okufanele Wonke Umuntu Akwazi. Kubuyekezwe ngomhla ka-2 Februwari, 2018.
> I-World Health Organization. I-Fact Sheet Fact Sheet. NgoMashi 2017.