Isikhathi Sokuqalisa Ukuhlola Ukuhola Okuphambili
I-Flint, iMichigan iholele ekuhloleni ama-radar wonke umuntu. Umuzi wawuthole ngaphambilini ukutholakala kwamanzi avela eLake Huron naseDetroit River. Ngonyaka we-2014, kepha amanzi ahanjiswa eMfuleni iPlint. Ngeshwa, umfula wawungazange uphathwe ngendlela efanele ukuvimbela ukubola kwamapayipi angakwazi ukuvuza izinsimbi nezinye izinhlayiya emanzini.
Umphumela wokuphela? Amazinga okuhola akhishwa emanzini, futhi idolobha labhekana nenkinga yomphakathi.
Kuyini uhulumeni owenza ngakho?
Inhlekelele eFintint akuyona eyokuqala yohlobo lwayo. Izingozi ze- poisoning eziholayo ziye zaziwa ngamashumi eminyaka, futhi yebo, uhulumeni wase-United States uthathe izinyathelo zokungenelela. Kwesinye, i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inezinqubo ezisezingeni lokunciphisa ingozi yokuchayeka phambili emphakathini. I-Centres ye-Medicare ne-Medicaid, nayo, inikeza isiqondiso sokukhenela ukutholakala okuholela ekutholeni izingane.
Umgomo jikelele ukuvimbela ukutholakala kokuhola ekutholeni kuqala, ukukhomba amacala okuchayeka uma kwenzeka, futhi unikeze ukwelashwa okusheshayo kunoma yikuphi abantwana abathintekayo amazinga aphezulu ehola igazi. Kuphela ngale ndlela singakwazi ukuvimbela, noma okungenani ukunciphisa, izinkinga zempilo yesikhathi eside ezingasuka ensimbi enobuthi.
Umbuzo omkhulu: Ingabe usebenza?
Kwenzekani Uma Ukhonjiswa Kuholwa
Ukuvezwa kokuhola kungalimaza kunoma ubani. Nokho, ezinganeni, kungaba yingozi kakhulu, kubangele ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kwegazi nokuqonda. Ukuhogela utshwala kubantu abadala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhloswe ukubhekisela ohlelweni lwezinzwa zomzimba.
Ayikho iphrezentheshini ye-classic ye-poisoning yokuhola.
Izimpawu ziyahlukahluka futhi zingabandakanya noma yikuphi okulandelayo:
- I-anemia
- Izinguquko zokuziphatha zihlanganisa ukuhlukumezeka, ukungahloniphi, ukucasula, kanye / noma ukuxosha
- Izinkinga zokuthuthukiswa kuhlanganise nokulahlekelwa kwemigomo, i-IQ ephansi, nokulibazisa ulimi
- Umfutho wegazi ophezulu
- Izifo zomzimba ezibandakanya ubuhlungu besisu, i-anorexia, isicanucanu, kanye / noma ukuhlanza
- Isifo sezinso
- Izimpawu ze-neurologic ezifaka i-ataxia, ukucabangela, ikhanda, ubunzima be-muscle, kanye / noma ukuwa
- Izinkinga zokuzala ezifaka ukungabi nabantwana, i-libido ephansi, kanye / noma ukukhulelwa kwesisu
Wena nomhlinzeki wakho wezokunakekela impilo kufanele ube nokubuka izimpawu ezingavamile noma ukuchayeka okungakufaka wena noma ingane yakho engozini.
Lapho Ungabonakaliswa Ukuze Uholele
Abantu abaningi bavelele ekuholeni kunalokho ongacabanga.
Inkinga yamanzi i-Flint isikhumbuza ukuthi ukuhola kungafakwa emanzini ngamapayipi kanye nezakhiwo zazo. Amapayipi okwenziwa ngaphambi kuka-1930 ayevame ukuqukethe ukuhola, ukubeka izindlu ezindala noma amanzi emphakathini engozini ephezulu yokukubeka ensimbi.
Okumangalisa ukuthi i-EPA ixwayisa ngokuthi izakhiwo ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu cishe ziyoba namanzi ahlambulukile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-plumbers yosuku lwangokuvamile isebenzisa i-solder yokuhola ukujoyina amapayipi ensimbi. Ingozi iyancipha ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu ngoba ukwakheka kwamaminerali okufaka amaminerali epayipi ekugcineni kubeka amanzi ekuholeni ekugcineni.
Okunye ukuvezwa okuvamile kuyipende elisekelwe phambili, elingazange lithengiswe e-United States kusukela ngo-1978. Lokhu akukucacisi uma unayo ikhaya elisha ngoba ukuhola kungase kube khona kwezinye izindawo ovakashelayo. Noma yisiphi isakhiwo esakhiwe ngaphambi kuka-1978 singase sisebenzise upende olusekelwe phambili, ngisho nezakhiwo zomphakathi, izicingo, imishini yokudlala, kanye nezikole. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, upende lungase ludibanise futhi luphule zibe izingcezu ezincane. Izinhlayiya ezihamba phambili zingakwazi ukuhamba emoyeni noma ukuqoqa ezindaweni ezifana namafasitela ewindi. Kungangcolisa inhlabathi.
Ukukhathazeka kuye kwavela nemikhiqizo eholele ekuthunyelwe kwamanye amazwe .
Cabanga ngokuhola lapho uthenga ama-candy angaphandle, i-ceramics, imithi, ubumba, noma amathoyizi. Esikhathini esilandelayo, ukuhola kutholakale kokubili upende kanye nepulasitiki.
Ukupheka Kwamathambo njengenkinga yezempilo yomphakathi
Ukudla ubuthi kwakuyinkinga ku-Flint, kodwa kungaba yinkinga kuwe?
I-EPA ithi ayikho amazinga aphephile okuholwa kuyo. Yilokho kunjalo, liyala ukuthi izimpahla zomphakathi zihlolwe ngokungahambisani nomtholampilo. Uma izingqikithi zokuhola zidlulele ezingeni ezingu-15 izingxenye eziyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingamaphesenti angaphezu kwezingu-10 zamathempompathi kumakhasimende, kuzomele kuthathwe isenzo. Lezi zenzo kumele zithathwe yihlelo lwamanzi bese zifaka:
- Ukuphishekela izinyathelo zokwandisa ukwelashwa kokulawula ukushisa kwamanzi amasistimu okusiza abantu abangu-50,000 noma ngaphezulu
- Ukukwazisa nokufundisa umphakathi mayelana nendaba nokuthi iqondiswa kanjani
- Ukuguqula izingxenye zemigqa yesevisi yokuhola elawulwa phansi kwesistimu yamanzi
Ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuqeda konke ukuhogela okuholela phambili. Ukwelashwa kwamanzi ngamakhemikhali okulwa nokubhubhisa kunganciphisa ukuholwa kodwa kungenakuqeda ukuphuma emanzini okumpompi.
Ukucubungula Ukuxilongwa Kwe-Poisoning Leader
Iqiniso liwukuthi ukugwema konke ukuhoxiswa okuholela kungase kungabi njalo. Kuze kube sekugcineni, kubalulekile ukuthi uhlolwe ukutholakala okuholela ekuholeni okuphezulu emiphakathini eyingozi, okuyizingane.
I-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention kanye ne-American Academy of Pediatrics batusa ukuhlolwa kwezingane ezinokungcebeleka okusolakala ukuthi zikhona, okungukuthi labo okwamanje noma ngaphambili abahlala emakhaya asebekhulile noma labo abanezingane zakini noma abadlali abadlala nabo ngezinga eliphakeme eliphethe igazi.
Kodwa-ke, zonke izingane ezibhalise ku-Medicaid , zidingeka ukuthi zithole ukuhlola ukuhlolwa kwegazi ezinyangeni ezingu-12 nezinyanga ezingu-24 ubudala. Uma enye yalezi zingane zingenakho ukuhlolwa okubhaliwe okuqoshiwe kwirekhodi yezokwelapha futhi ziphakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-24 no-72 ubudala, umhlinzeki wabo wezempilo kudingeka ukuba athole eyodwa.
Ukuhlolwa kokuhola kwenziwa kalula. Kudinga isampula yegazi engase iqoqwe noma kusuka kumunwe olula noma ovela egazini lezendabuko udwebe ngenaliti efakwe emthanjeni wakho. Isampula ingase iqoqwe ehhovisi likadokotela wakho noma ebhokisatri.
Ngeshwa, akuzona zonke izingane ezifanelekile ezihlolwayo. Idatha ye-Medicaid ngo-2015 iphakamisa ukuthi amaphesenti angaba ngu-38 kuphela wezingane eziphakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 no-24 eziye zahlolwa. Ikhomishana kaZwelonke yokuQinisekiswa koMgangatho (NCQA), inhlangano engeyona inzuzo, ikhishwe idatha ekulinganisela ukuthi kuphela amaphesenti angu-66 abantwana abaneminyaka emibili ubudala ababhalise eMedicaid bahlolwe amazinga okuhola eminyakeni emibili eyedlule. Izifunda ezingu-30 kuphela ezibika le nqubo ku-NCQA, noma kunjalo, ngakho-ke lokhu kungase kungabonakali isilinganiso sezwe sangempela.
Sikuvelaphi Kulapha?
Njengoba ukuhlolwa kokuhola okuqhubekayo kuqhutshwa, inani lezingane ezizotholakala ukuthi liphakeme kakhulu amazinga ahola igazi cishe liyokhula. Lokho kusho ukuthi sidinga ukuba nezinsiza endaweni hhayi kuphela esikrinini, kodwa futhi nokuphatha labo abathintekayo.
I-Medicaid iyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ukuhlolwa okubonwayo kubo bonke abantwana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyingozi, futhi batusa izinyathelo ezilandelayo zithathwe kwezinye izinhlangano zezempilo:
- Ukusebenzisana ne-ejensi yezempilo yombuso ukuhlola izingane ezingakahlolwa
- Ukuxhumana nabahlinzeki bezempilo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi bahlola izingane njengoba kudingeka
- Ukwengeza izidingo zokuhlolisisa ezinkontileka zokunakekelwa eziphethwe
- Ukwandisa ukuhlolwa ngezinhlelo zebesifazane, abantwana abancane nabantwana (i-WIC) nemitholampilo yezempilo yasendaweni
I-Medicaid ithemba ukuthi le mizamo ehlangene izokwazi ukugcina izingane ezibuthakathaka kakhulu ziphephile ezinkingeni zezempilo zesikhathi eside.
> Imithombo:
> Idatha Yokubambisa Ubuthi Bezingane, Izibalo, Nokuqapha. Amasevisi Ewebhusayithi Yokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/data/index.htm.
> Ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwegazi kwezingane ezibhalisiwe kwi-Medicaid kanye ne-Child Health Insurance Program. Iwebhusayithi yakwaMedicaid.gov. https://www.medicaid.gov/federal-policy-guidance/downloads/cib113016.pdf.
> Ukuhola. I-US Environmental Protection Agency website.https: //www.epa.gov/lead.
> Isexwayiso C, uTsang K, i-Galazka S. Inkohlakalo Yokuhola Ezinganeni. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Mar 15; 81 (6): 751-757. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0315/p751.html