Izimbangela Nezimo Zengozi Ye-Poisoning Lead

8 Imithombo Yokuveza Ongase Ungazi Ngazo

Naphezu kwemithetho yokuqeda ukuhola emikhiqizweni enjengepende nophethiloli, kusekhona ingozi eqhubekayo yokungena ekuholeni kanye nokushisa e-United States.

Akube nesibonelo esingcono salokhu kunenkinga ye-2016 eFlint, eMichigan lapho izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-100 000 zivezwa ukuhola ngenxa yamapayipi aphelelwe yisikhathi ohlelweni lwamanzi omphakathi kanye nezindawo zokwelashwa ezinganele. Ngonyaka olandela lesi simo esibucayi, amaphesenti angaphansi kwamahlanu ezingane ahlolwe ayenamazinga aphezulu okuhola emzimbeni wabo.

Ukuvezwa kokuhola kungenziwa ekuthintaneni nokuhola emoyeni, uthuli lomkhaya, inhlabathi, amanzi, kanye nemikhiqizo yezohwebo. Ukuvezwa okuqhubekayo phakathi nezinyanga noma iminyaka kungaholela ekuholeni ubuthi.

Izingozi Zezingozi

Ngokusho kombiko ovela kwi-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), izingane zisengozini enkulu yokuhogela ubuthi ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:

• Kungenzeka ukuthi bayangenisa izinhlayiya ezihamba phambili ngenxa yokuziphathelana nomlomo.
• Babamba kalula ukuhola okungcono kunokuba abadala bakwenze.
• Banezinga lokuphefumula okusheshayo futhi bafake izinhlayiyana eziningi ezivela emzimbeni.
• Basondelene nomhlabathi futhi banamathuba amaningi okufaka inhlayiya enhlabathini noma emhlabathini.

Ezinye izici zingafaka abantu abadala nabantwana engozini. Omkhulu phakathi kwabo uhlala esakhiweni esingakhiwe ngaphambi kuka-1978 (unyaka lapho ukuqhutshwa kwakuvinjelwe ngokomthetho kumikhiqizo yokupenda).

Lesi sici sodwa siguqukela engozini ephezulu yokuhogela ubuthi phakathi kwabantu abampofu, abahlali abahlala ezindlini ezingenasici. Eqinisweni, ngokwe-CDC, izingane zase-Afrika zaseMelika zinamathuba amane okuthola ubuthi obuholayo kunezingane ezimhlophe.

Phakathi kwemithombo eyisishiyagalombili evame kakhulu yokuveza ukuhola e-United States:

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I-Paint

I-Paint ingaba umthombo owaziwa kakhulu wokuvezwa okuholela e-United States. Ngokusho kombiko okhishwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ingozi ibalulekile kunoma yiliphi ikhaya elakhiwe ngaphambi kuka-1978 futhi livame ukwandisa abadala asekhaya.

Iziphumo ze-EPA ziphakamisa ukuthi:

• Amaphesenti angu-24 ezakhiwe phakathi kuka-1960 no-1977 namanje aholele upende endaweni ethile esakhiweni.
• Amaphesenti angu-69 ezakhiwe phakathi kuka-1940 no-1959 azoba nobufakazi bokupenda.
• Amaphesenti angu-87 ezindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambi kuka -1940 cishe ayoba nopende kuzo.

Ingozi yokuchayeka yinkulu kunoma yikuphi ukupenda endala kuhlobisa, ukusika, ukugoqa, ukukhwabanisa noma okumanzi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokuzungeze amafolda amafasitela, iminyango, izitimela, ama-porches, kanye nama-banisters lapho izandla zingakwazi khona kalula ukuthatha amapayipi nopende.

Ngesikhathi upende oholayo ngaphansi kwepende elisha akuyona inkinga, noma yikuphi ukulungiswa kwezindlu okubandakanya ukukhipha upende noma upende kunganikeza ithuba lokuchayeka. Ngenkathi ukugwedwa kwamanzi, ukugcoba, nokubhekana namaski kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi, i-EPA isincoma ukuthi ususe noma yikuphi abantwana noma abesifazane abakhulelwe ekhaya kuze kulungiswe ukulungiswa.

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Umhlaba

Ukuhola kuyinsimbi eyenzeka ngokwemvelo ekhonjiswe ngombala wayo we-bluish-gray. Nakuba ingatholakala kalula emvelweni, ukugxila emhlabathini ngokuvamile kuphansi futhi kungabhekwa njengengozi.

Okufanayo akusebenzi enhlabathini yasemadolobheni eyayingcoliswe ngokudweba upende kusuka ezindlini ezindala noma izakhiwo. Izitshalo eziseduze nezindawo ezinkulu zethrafikhi nazo ziyakhathazeka, kanti ezinye izifundo zikhomba ukuthi phakathi kwamathani ayizigidi eziyisihlanu nezigidi zokuhola okusetshenziselwa uphethiloli kusekhona enhlabathini nasothuli.

Uma indlu yakho ikhulile, i-EPA isincoma ukuba uhlole ingaphandle yokukhwabanisa noma upende owohloka. Uma kukhona, ungagwema ukulandelela inhlabathi ngaphakathi ngokusebenzisa izingodo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwendlu bese ususa izicathulo zakho ngaphambi kokungena.

Uma ungeke ukwazi ukulungisa indlu yakho, kufanele ucabange ukutshala izihlahla eduze kwendlu ukuze izingane zidikibala ukudlala enhlabathini.

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Amanzi

Ngenkathi ukuhola kungatholakali emachibi nakweminye imithombo yamanzi yemvelo, kungangena amanzi kanye namapulangwe endlu uma amapayipi asele asetshenziselwa ukushintshwa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho uma amapayipi ngokwabo engenziwanga ngokuhola.

Kuze kube ngo-1986, amapayipi ensimbi ayevame ukujoyina ngokusebenzisa i-solder eholayo. Ngakho-ke, ngisho noma amapayipi ngokwabo aqukethe ngaphansi kwezingamaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili ukuhola (umthamo owamukelekayo ngaphansi komthetho wamanje), i-solder esetshenziselwa ukuyixhuma ingaba namazinga aphakeme kakhulu okuhola. Ngaphandle kokuba amanzi ahlolwe, akukhona neze indlela yokukwazi.

Kuneminye imithombo yokuhola emanzini ethu futhi alahlekile. Esinye isibonelo esinjalo ukuphuza imithombo ezikoleni ezindala ezingekho ngaphansi kokuhlolwa emazweni amaningi. Ngo-2017, isikole samabanga aphansi saseSan Diego sathola lokhu kuphela ngemva kwenja yokwelashwa yenqaba ukuphuza amanzi emthonjeni.

Ngisho nemizamo eyengeziwe yokuhlola amanzi, i-EPA ithi amanzi okuphuza enza amaphesenti angaba ngu-20 okutholakala komuntu ukuhola.

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I-Ceramics ne-Crystal

Amanye amapende kanye nama-glazes asetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa ama-pottery nama-ceramics aqukethe amazinga aphezulu okuhola futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, awahloselwe ukusetshenziswa kwi-dinnerware noma ukukhonza izitsha. Uma kutholakala ukudla noma iziphuzo kuzo, ukuhola kungahamba kalula futhi kungene.

Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kumakhobi asekudala kanye ne-ceramicware okungenzeka ukuthi abe nezindawo zokwehla nokulimala. Ukukhathazeka ngokukhethekile kungeniswe ngobumba bendabuko okungase kubhalwe ngokuthi "ukungena phambili" kodwa namanje kunezigaba ezidlulele zensimbi ekhishwe. Isixwayiso se-2010 esikhishwe yi-US Food and Drug Administration seluleka abathengi besengozini ngemuva kokuthola amazinga aphezulu okuhola atholakala ku-ceramicware evela eMexico.

I-crystal eholayo nayo iyinkinga. Ama-decanters ayinkinga ikakhulukazi ngoba iwayini, utshwala, namajoni acidic kungakhuthaza ukudluliselwa kokuholela ekukhulekeleni okuketshezi. Uma uhola i-glassware, i-EPA iluleka ngokuyisebenzisa noma nsukuzonke noma ukugcina ukudla noma uketshezi.

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Imithi Yendabuko kanye Neziqu Zokuphila

Imithi yendabuko kufanele ivume ukukhathazeka njengoba ingenakulawulwa ngokomthetho e-United States.

Imithi ye-Ayurvedic kanye namakhemikhali abantu abavela eNdiya, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eDominican Republic naseMexico, bakhathazeka ngokukhethekile njengoba kungekho ndlela yokuhlola ukuthi izithako zenziwe kanjani, ukuthi zihlanjululwe kanjani noma ziphathwa kanjani yiziphi izimo abazenzayo.

Eqinisweni, ukuhola, isulfure, i-arsenic, ithusi negolide kuhlanganiswa ngamabomu kumayeza amaningi ase-Ayurvedic ngaphansi kokukholelwa ukuthi banikeza izinzuzo zezempilo, kusho abacwaningi baseYale University School of Medicine.

Phakathi kwemithi yabantu i-CDC eye yabonakala njengengozi enkulu yokuvezwa kokuhola:

• I-Azarcon ne-greta yimithi yendabuko yaseSpain esithathwe ngesisu esisisulu .
• I-Ba- baw- isan isisetshenziswa se-herbal se-Chinese esisetshenziselwa ukuphatha i-colic.
• I-Daw tway iyisiza sokugaya esisetshenziswa eThailand naseMyanmar.
• I-Ghasard iyinqubo yomdabu yaseNdiya esetshenziswa njenge-tonic.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuyona imithi nje engumsoli; ama-candies kanye nezimonyo ezibhekwayo nazo ziyakhathazeka.

Ama-candie angenisiwe aseMexico, eMalaysia, e-China naseNdiya (ikakhulukazi lawo ahlotshaniswa ne-tamarind, i-powder, noma usawoti othile) kufanele agwenywe njengoba lezi zivame ukuphakama amazinga okuhola. Okufanayo kusebenza nezimonyo zendabuko, njenge-kohl ezisetshenziselwa izingxenye zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNyakatho Afrika, naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ukuchaza amehlo.

Ngisho nezimonyo zansuku zonke ezinjengezindebe zomlomo nezama-eyeliners kufanele zigwenywe njengoba zingekho ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwangaphambi kwemakethe okubekiwe ngaphansi kwe-US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

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Umsebenzi nokuzilibazisa

Ngokusho kwe-EPA, iningi lama-poisoning amacala asebekhulile kubangelwa ukutholakala kwendawo emsebenzini. Phakathi kwezinye izimboni lapho ingozi yokudoba ukuhola iphezulu:

• Ukulungisa umzimba ngokuzenzakalelayo nokulungisa
• Izikhali nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlamvu
• Ukukhiqiza ibhetri nokuvuselelwa kabusha
• Ukwakhiwa (ukubuyiselwa okukhethekile noma ukubuyisela kabusha)
• Ukudubula imilayezo yebanga
• Ukukhiqiza kweglasi noma i-crystal
• Ukuhogela ukuhola
• Ukukhiqiza ukukhiqiza isisindo
• Ukudla kabusha
• Ukumayini
• Pewter yokukhiqiza
• Ukulungiswa kwamapayipi kanye nama-radiator
• Ukuthuthukiswa
• Ukushisa kwesimbi

Ama-Hobbyists abenza imisebenzi elandelayo ayengozini:

• Umdwebo wokudweba
• Ukulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo
• I-electronic soldering
• Ukwenza ubumba obumnyama
• I-metal soldering
• Ukubunjwa kwezinhlamvu, ama-slugs, noma ukudoba okudoba
• Ukwenza ingilazi egciniwe
• Izibhamu zokudubula

Noma ubani owenza lezi zisebenzi noma imisebenzi angase alethe ukuhola emakhaya abo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukutholakala kwengozi ngokukhombisa nokushintsha izingubo zakho nezicathulo ngaphambi kokuba ungene ekhaya noma uthinte amalungu omndeni.

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Amathoyizi

Amathoyizi akhiqizwa emazweni lapho ukusetshenziswa kokuhola kungavinjelwe khona kungabangela ingozi. Ingxenye ekhathazayo yukuthi kaningi indlela encane yokukwazi ukuthi ithoyizi langaphandle liphephile ngoba ayikho izinhlelo ezikhona ukuze zibuke njalo.

Njengoba kukhulunywa lokho, njengoba imithetho emisha yokungeniswa yabekwa yi-US Product Safety Commission ngo-2008, inani lokudlala elibhekene nokudlala liye lahlehla kusukela ngo-19 ngo-2008 kuya ku-zero ngo-2017.

Kodwa, akulona nje amathoyizi angenisiwe awakhathazayo. Amathoyizi e-Antique, amabhokisi amabhokisi aseminini, ngisho namakhrayoni amadala angaba nesilinganiso esiningi sokuhola. Njengalokhu, kungaba ngcono ukugcina lezi zinto endaweni yokubonisa noma ukuziphonsa ngaphandle uma zingabhekwa njenge-keepsake.

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Ukukhulelwa

Uma umtholampilo ungena emzimbeni wakho, ungaqongeleka ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, kufaka phakathi ubuchopho, amathumbu, izinso, isibindi namathambo.

Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ama-deposit eholela emathanjeni angaba yinkinga ikakhulukazi njengoba izinguquko zamangqamuzana zingabangela ukulahleka kwethambo lokugcina kwe-hip . Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ukuhola kungaphumelela ohlelweni bese kuphakamisa ubuthi obubhekene namazinga anobungozi. Izingane ezivelele ukuhola ngesikhathi zisesibelethweni zisengozini yokuzalwa kwesisindo esiphansi, ukuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuzalwa, ngisho nokukhulelwa kwesisu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwansukuzonke kwe-calcium ukwesekwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungalimaza kakhulu umphumela.

> Imithombo:

> Aquilera, E. Ukuhola Emthonjeni Wokuphuza? Izikole zaseCalifornia kumele zivivinye manje. I-KQED Science. Ikhishwe ngoJanuwari 10, 2018.

> I-Environmental Protection Agency. Vikela Umndeni Wakho Emibonweni Yokuholela. Washington, DC; ibuyekeziwe ngo-Agasti 2017.

> Gunturu, K .; I-Nagarajan, P .; noMcPharran. Imithi yama-ayurvedic yemithi kanye nokuphefumula. J Hematol Oncol. 2011; 4:51. I-DOI: 10.1186 / 1756-8722-4-51.

> Schwarz, K; I-Pouyat, R .; no-Yesilnois. I. Imithetho Yokuhola eMhlabathini WaseCharm: Izifundo ezivela eSifundweni se-Baltimore Ecosystem. Int J Environ Res Ezempilo Zomphakathi. 2016; 13 (2): 209. I-DOI: 10.3390 / ijerph13020209.

> Ukuphathwa Kwezokudla Nezidakamizwa zase-US. Isiqondiso Semboni: Ukuphepha Kwezingubo Zomdabu Ezendabuko Okuhloswe Ukusetshenziswa Nokudla kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwesikhathi "Ukuhola Okukhululekile" ekubhalweni kwebumbi lobumba; Nokukhomba Okufaneleko Kwezinto Zokuhlobisa Nokuhlobisa I-Ceramicware. I-Silver Spring, e-Maryland; ikhishwe ngoNovemba 2010.