Njengothando nomshado, futhi njengebhokisi le-peanut ne-jelly, ama-zombies nobuchopho baya ndawonye. Noma ubani owenza i-zombie impikiswano yokucabangela kufanele ahlanganise igama elibuhlungu, "braaaaaiiiiinns." Kodwa kungani amaZombi efuna ubuchopho ngendlela abenza ngayo? Futhi kwenzekani ezinhliziyweni zikaZombies?
Abacwaningi uBradley Voytek, Ph.D., noTim Verstynen, Ph.D., bangamalungu eZombie Research Society, inhlangano enhle ezimisele ukusebenzisa i-neuroscience yangempela ukuze ichaze ubuchopho obuqanjiwe be-zombie.
Baya ebuchosheni be-zombie njengezinzwa ze-neurologists ukuya noma yisiphi isineke: ngokubona izibonakaliso nezimpawu, bese ubona ukuthi yiziphi izindawo zobuchopho okumelwe zonakaliswe ukuze zenze lezo zinkinga zezinzwa.
Njengoba abacwaningi benza okucacile, futhi ngizophindaphinda lapha, lo msebenzi awuhlosiwe nganoma iyiphi indlela yokunciphisa izimpawu zalabo abanezifo zezinzwa, noma ukubiza izisulu zalesi sifo "zombie-like." Esikhundleni salokho, umzamo wokukhuthaza ukucabanga ngalezi zinkinga, nokwandisa ukuqonda izinkinga eziyinhloko.
Izimpawu kwi-Brains of Zombies
UDkt. Voytek noDkt. Verstynen baye baqoqa izimpawu ezithathwe yiZombies zibe yisifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-consciousness--fical disacit disorder (CDHD). Izimpawu zalesi sifo esiyingqayizivele, kanye nezincazelo ezicacile, kuhlanganise okulandelayo:
1) Ukucindezela-Ukusebenza Okucindezelayo
Uke wabona i-zombie ejabulisayo?
Cha, ama-Zombies kuma-movie avame ukuphuza njengodakwa oludakayo futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ahlale ehlushwa uhlobo oluthile lokufutheka okungaqondakali. I-prefrontal cortex yisifunda sobuchopho obulawula imizwelo, kanti ezinye izifundo zezigebengu ezibudlova zibonise ukungavamile kwalesi sifunda. Icala elidumile likaPineas Gage lahilela umlingisi onobumnene owenze ingozi kulesi sifunda sobuchopho futhi waba yinto enesihluku futhi eqinile.
Mhlawumbe ama-Zombies ahlushwa isiphetho esifanayo se-neurodeergenerative.
2) I-Walking Lumbering
Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa "bahamba befile," ama-Zombies awahambanga kakhulu njengoba asebenza ngamapulangwe noma aphelile. I-Zombies akuyona isithombe somusa. Ukuhamba kwe-zombie kufana kakhulu ne-gait e- atyria engabonakala ngokulimala ku-cerebellum, isakhiwo esimisiwe se-cauliflower ngemuva kwengqondo. Kodwa kuthiwani ngeZombidi ezisheshayo, njengoba kuboniswe ku-movie 28 Izinsuku Kamuva ? Kulo hlobo lwe-zombie, i-cerebellum cishe ingacacile.
3) Ukulahlekelwa Kwempendulo Yesikhathi Eside
Ama-Zombies avame ukuphazamiseka kalula. Kungenzeka ukuthi iZombies zinomhlobo we-anterograde amnesia. Le syndrome iboniswe ku-movie Memento futhi yabhekwa nesiguli sangempela esibizwa ngokuthi i-HM ngemva kokukhishwa kokubili kwe-hippocampi yakhe eminyakeni yama-1950, ngomzamo wokumisa ukuwayeka kwakhe. Umphumela waba ukungakwazi ukukhumbula noma yini okungaphezu kwemizuzu embalwa ngesikhathi. Ukuntuleka kwevithamini okunye kungaholela ku-Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, ebonakala ngokulahlekelwa inkumbulo efanayo.
4) Ukulahlekelwa kolimi
I-Zombies ayizona izibukeli ezinhle. Ngcono kakhulu, bangase bakhulume ngenjabulo, "ubuchopho." Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-zombies abonakala sengathi aqonde imiyalo efana ne- "stop" noma "cha." I-neurologist ingase ithi ama-zombi ahlupheke ngesi- aphasia esichazayo futhi esamukelekayo, okusho ukuthi abakwazi ukukhiqiza noma ukuqonda ulimi.
Lokhu kungenzeka kubonakalisa ukulimala kwezwe eliphakeme (ohlangothini lwesobunxele kubantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90), kuhlanganise nesifunda sase-Wernicke se-aphasia esamukelekayo ne-Broca's for expressive aphasia.
5) Ukuzilimaza / Okunye Ukwehla
Kanjani ukuthi ama-Zombies awakwazi abantu abavale nabo ngaphambili? Kunalokho, umngane wabo wangaphambili manje ubonakala njengemini. Mhlawumbe amaZombi angamahloni: bakholelwa ngokungenakuphi into engelona iqiniso. Isibonelo siyi-Capgras delusion, lapho umuntu ojwayele ukukholelwa ukuthi usetshenzisiwe ngumfowenu obonakalayo. Mhlawumbe ama-Zombies anento efanayo evumela ukuba babone ifomu lomuntu, kodwa bangawuboni ukuthi umzimba ukhona njengomuntu oseduze nabo.
6) Ukunciphisa ubuhlungu bezinhlungu
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphonsa kanjani ku-zombie, i-zombie iqhubeka izayo. Akunandaba ukuthi i-zombie idutshulwa, ilahlekelwe ingalo, futhi ishisa-iyoqhubeka izayo. Benza kanjani lokhu?
Mhlawumbe ama-Zombies aphinde abone ubuhlungu. I-neuroanatomy yezinhlungu iyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ihlanganisa i-cortex engezansi e-lobe ye-parietal, isifunda esithintekayo kuyo yonke imizwa yomzimba. Izifunda ezifana ne-insula ne-cingulate cortex zinamathisele ukuxhuma okungalungile ebuhlungu. Njengoba amaZombi engabonakali abe nempendulo engokomzwelo ebuhlungu bawo, uDkt. Voytek noDkt. Verstynen bathi lokhu kuyindlela yesibili ethinteka kakhulu ekutheni i-zombie pathology. Ama-Zombies angase azwe ubuhlungu, kodwa ngeke nje akhathalele.
7) Ukucindezeleka-Ukunakekelwa Okunakekelwe
Ama-Zombies anomkhuba wokulungisa. Lapho bekuxosha, abaqapheli konke okunye. Uma kukhona okungaqeda ukunakekelwa kwabo-njengeziqhumane ezisetshenziswe kuGeorge Romero's Land of the Dead -uhlala uphephile okwesikhashana, ngoba ama-zombies abonakala akhohlwa okwesikhashana ukuthi ukhona. Ukungakwazi ukulalela okungaphezu kweyodwa into ngesikhathi kungenzeka ngokulimala lobe parietal. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuphazanyiswa kwezixhumanisi ezisemqoka phakathi kwalezi zingubo kungabangela ukukhubazeka.
8) Ukuphuza Inyama
Isidingo se-zombie somzimba wesintu yisifiso esingenakunqotshwa. I-zombie izohamba ngomlilo, amanzi, nokubandayo okungenakuqhathaniswa, ingozi yokulimaza kanye nalokho-ukudlula-impilo-konke okuzokondla indlala yayo engenakulondeka. Lezi ziphathamandla zifana nomlutha wezidakamizwa ezidinga ukulungiswa okulandelayo, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zibandakanya izindlela ezifanayo ebuchosheni. Amaseli e-Dopamine-ukukhulula athumela amagatsha aphuma emkhatsini we-midbrain futhi ahambe aye e-nucleus accumbens ngaphambili kobuchopho. Le ndlela ibuye ingasebenzi kalula ezinkundleni zokuqala zothando .
9) I-Hunger engenamandla
Ama-Zombies athande ukudla. Eqinisweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangaki abangani bakho noma amalungu omndeni i-zombie esivele esidlile, kubonakala sengathi kukhona indawo nawe. Lokhu kungabangela inkinga ku-hypothalamus, ingxenye yengqondo elawula ukushayela okuyisisekelo njengokulamba, ukoma, ukushisa izinga lokushisa, nokulala. I-nucleus ye-hyperhalamus yokulawula i-hypothalamus ilawula ukuphefumula, umuzwa wokuthi ngokwanele ukwanele. Uma lesi sakhiwo sonakalisiwe, i-zombie ngeke ihlale igcwele. Incazelo ehlukile i-lobe yesikhashana. Ukulimala kwesokudla kwesimo se-temporal, ikakhulukazi, kubonakala sengathi kuhlotshaniswa nokuthambekela kokudla ngokweqile.
Ekuphetheni, ubuchopho be-zombie bungase bulahleke kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zobuchopho ezibizwa ngokuthi izindawo zokuxhumana-okungukuthi, izifunda lapho sibeka khona imicabango ephakeme ndawonye. Ngokombono, lezi yizifunda ezifaka isandla ekuzileni kwethu komuntu. Izakhiwo eziningi ezithintekayo ziyingxenye yesifunda sePapez-isifunda se-neuronal esichazwe eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-75 eyedlule futhi sicabanga ukuthi sihambisana nomzwelo nememori. Kucabanga ukuthi i-agent esebenzayo, njengegciwane noma i-prion esakazeka ngalezi zifunda, ingaveza i-syndrome kakhulu njenge-CDHD.
UDkt. Voytek no-Verstynen akuzona kuphela abacwaningi abanentshisekelo ekusebenzeni kobuchopho be-zombie. Abanye, njengoDkt. Steven C. Schlozman eHarvard University, nabo babhalile ngale ndaba, futhi bayavumelana ngokulahlekelwa okungenzeka kwe-lobe yangaphambili ne-cerebellum. UDkt. Schlozman ukhetha igama elithi Ataxic Neurodegenerative Satiety Deficiency Syndrome (ANSD). Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyibiza ngokuthi i-ANSD, i-CDHD, noma i-zombism nje, iphuzu liwukuthi ngenkathi kungenakwenzeka ukuthi leyo syndrome, akunakwenzeka. Uma izindawo ezithile zobuchopho kufanele zibhujiswe-mhlawumbe yi-agent ephathekayo njengegciwane noma i-prion-isisulu singenza ngendlela efana ne-zombie eqanjiwe.
Yiqiniso, lokhu akuyona into efanayo nokubuyisela abafileyo. Kodwa umgomo wale miklamo uhlobo oluthile lokuvuselela: inhloso yeZombie Research Society ukufaka impilo ethile engxoxweni abantu abaningi kakhulu abayikholelwa ukuthi ukufa kuyisimungulu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela bavuselele intshisekelo ku-neuroscience ngokusebenzisa ubuchopho be-undead -ngakusho ukuthi ube nokuzijabulisa okune-spooky pop-amasiko kanye.
Imithombo :
I-AH Ropper, ama-Samuels MA. Adams kanye Nemigomo kaVictor ye-Neurology, 9th ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009.
I-Hal Blumenfeld, i-Neuroanatomy ngokusebenzisa Izimo Zemitholampilo. I-Sunderland: Abakwa-Sinauer Associates Publishers 2002
UMnu Sollberger, K. Rankin, B. Miller (2010). Ukuqanjwa komphakathi. Ukuqhubeka kwe-Learning Lifelong Neurol, 16 (4), 69-85