Umhlahlandlela Wakho Emibandela Ekhona Ngaphambi Kwemithetho Nemithetho Ekuvikelayo
Abaningi baseMelika banezinkinga ezihlobene nempilo ukuthi izinkampani zomshuwalense zingachaza njengemibandela ekhona ngaphambili . Isimo esandulele sikhona inkinga yezempilo ekhona ngaphambi kokuba ufake isicelo senqubomgomo yomshuwalense wezempilo noma ubhalise ohlelweni olusha lwezempilo.
Ekupheleni kosuku, izinkampani zomshuwalense wangasese kanye nezinhlelo zezempilo yizinkampani ezigxile ekugcineni kwezezimali.
Ngakho-ke, kunesithakazelo sabo, ukubeka eceleni abantu abanezimo ezandulele, ukubeka isikhathi sokulinda ngaphambi kokuqala kokuqala kokuqasha noma ukukhokhisa izindleko eziphezulu kanye nezindleko ezingaphandle kwezokukhokhela abantu abanezimo ezikhona ngaphambili, ngoba labo bantu kungenzeka kubiza umshwalense ngaphezulu ezindleko zokufaka izicelo. Kodwa lezi zinhlinzeko azithandwayo, futhi zenza kube nzima ukuthi abantu bathole ukutholakala kwezempilo, yingakho imithetho ehlukahlukene yombuso neyemibandela eye yalawula le nkinga emakethe amaningi omshwalense.
Isimo esandulele singase sibe yinto ejwayelekile njengengcindezi ephakeme yegazi noma ukugula, noma njengobunzima njengomdlavuza, uhlobo lwe-2 lwesifo sikashukela , noma izinkinga zezempilo eziphathelene ne- asthma ezithinta ingxenye enkulu yabantu.
Ngaphambi kuka-2014, emazweni amaningi , uhlelo lwezempilo lwemakethe (uhlobo oluzithenga ngalo, ngokungafani nokuthola kumqashi) lungaphika ukufihla okuthile okuhlobene nesimo sakho esandulele, ukukhokhisa amaphrimiyamu aphakeme ngokusekelwe kumlando wakho wezokwelapha , noma ngisho nokulahla isicelo sakho sonke.
Futhi uma ubhalisa ohlelweni lomqashi, ubhekene nezinkathi zokulinda zokuba khona kokusabalalisa kwangaphambi kokukhona uma ungazange ugcine ukufakwa kokuqhubekayo ngaphambi kokubhalisa kuhlelo olusha.
Umthetho Wokunakekelwa Onganakekelwayo kanye Nemibandela Elandelanayo
Esinye sezibonakaliso zoMvikeli Wezokwelapha kanye noMthetho Wokunakekelwa Kwezintambo ongenakunakekelwa ngokomthetho ngoMashi 2010, kwakuwukuqedwa kwezidingo zomthetho zangaphambili ezibekwe izinhlelo zezempilo.
Ukuphumelela kusukela ngo-September 2010, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-19 nezimo ezandulele azikwazanga ukuphikiswa ukufinyelela ohlelweni lwezempilo lwabazali babo , futhi izinkampani zomshuwalense zazingavunyelwe ukukhipha izimo zangaphambili ezikhona kusukela ekuhlinzekeni kwezempilo kwengane.
Futhi kusukela ngoJanuwari 2014, zonke izinhlelo ezintsha zempilo (kokubili noma okungahambisani-nhlobo) zazidingekile ukuba kube nenkinga eqinisekisiwe, okusho ukuthi izimo ezandulele azikwazi ukucatshangelwa uma umfakisicelo ebhalisa. Amaphrimiyamu angahluka kuphela ngokususelwa eminyakeni yobudala, ikhodi ye-zip, ukusetshenziswa kogwayi, nosayizi womndeni. Ngakho umuntu phakathi nokwelashwa komdlavuza uzokhokha i-premium efanayo nomakhelwane wakhe oneminyaka efanayo ophilile ngokuphelele, futhi ukwelashwa komdlavuza kuzokwenziwa uhlelo olusha lwezempilo.
Kamuva kulesi sihloko, sizobheka izinguquko ezingenzeka ngaphansi kwe-Trump Administration. Kodwa okokuqala, ake sibheke ukuthi izimo ezandulele zenziwa kanjani ngaphambi kokuba izinguquko ze-ACA ziqale ukusebenza:
I-Pre-ACA Pre-Existing Condition Exclusion
I-Pre-ACA, isimo esandulele esikhona singathinta umshwalense wakho wempilo yomshuwalense . Uma ngabe ufake isicelo somshwalense emakethe ngayinye, ezinye izinkampani zomshuwalense wezempilo uzokuvuma ngokusemthethweni ngokuhlinzeka isikhathi sokukhishwa kwesimo esandulele, noma ukukhishwa ngokugcwele esimweni esandulele.
Nakuba uhlelo lwezempilo lwakwemukele wena futhi ukhokha izinkokhelo zakho zenyanga, ngabe ngabe awukho ukukhokhelwa kwanoma yikuphi ukunakekelwa noma amasevisi ahlobene nesimo sakho esandulele. Kuye ngenqubomgomo kanye nemithetho yomshuwalense wombuso wakho, le nkathi yokuxoshwa ingaba kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ukuya ekutheni unqunywe unomphela.
Izinhlelo zomakethe zomuntu ngamunye
Isibonelo, uLori wayengumlobi we-freelance oneminyaka engu-48 ubudala, ukuthola ukutholakala kwezempilo emakethe yangaphambili ye-ACA. Unomfutho wegazi ophezulu olawulwa kahle ngemithi emibili. Wakhetha ukuthenga umshuwalense wakhe wezempilo owafaka phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa.
Uhlelo olulodwa kuphela lwezempilo olutholakalayo olwaluthola lwaluyiminyaka eyi-12 yokuqedwa kwe-blood pressure. Ezinyangeni ezingu-12 zokuqala zenqubomgomo yakhe, zonke izimangalo zakhe (kufaka phakathi ukuvakashelwa nodokotela kanye nemithi) ezihlobene nomfutho wegazi ophezulu ziphikisiwe. Kodwa-ke, kungakapheli lowo nyaka wokuqala wokuhlinzekela, naye uthola isifo somkhuhlane kanye nokutheleleka kwamagciwane, okubili kokubili okwakuhlanganiswe ngoba kwakungeyona imibandela ekhona ngaphambili.
Nakuba izinkathi zokwehliswa kwezimo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ezikhona ngaphambili zazisetshenzisiwe, kwakubuye kuvame ukubona isimo esiphelele esiphelele esikhishwe emakethe yomshuwalense wezempilo. Ngaphansi kwalabo abathintekayo, isimo esandulele esingeke sikwazi ukumbozwa yiluhlelo. Umuntu ophule ingalo engozini ye-snowboard ebusheni bakhe futhi ophethwe ngenduku ye-titanium engalweni yakhe kungenzeka ukuthi wanikezwa uhlelo emakethe ngayinye kamuva, kodwa ngokungahlali ngokugcwele kunoma yini ehlobene "nokulungiswa kwangaphakathi" (okungukuthi, induku nanoma iyiphi i-hardware eyengeziwe) engalweni yakhe.
Ngesikhathi i-ACA inqunywe, izimo ezingakabikho ezikhona ngaphambili zazingajwayelekile, futhi ukunyuka kwamanani okubhalwe phansi kwakuthatha indawo yabo kaningi. Ngakho esibonelweni sikaLori, ngenhla, inkampani yomshuwalense wezempilo ingase ivumelane ukumboza uLori ngokugcwele (kuhlanganise nomfutho wegazi ophezulu), kodwa nge-premium eyamaphesenti angu-25 noma amaphesenti angu-50 ephakeme kunezinga elijwayelekile lomuntu oneminyaka yakhe ubudala.
Njengoba manje i-ACA isetshenzisiwe, izimo ezandulele aziyona into ebalulekile kumanani noma ukufaneleka, futhi izicelo zomshuwalense azisezibuze ngomlando wezokwelapha lapho abantu bebhalisa.
Izinhlelo ezixhaswe ngumqashi
Uma ngabe uthola umshuwalense emsebenzini wakho , kuye ngokuthi umqashi wakho kanye nezinhlelo zempilo ezinikezwayo, kungenzeka ukuthi uke waba nesikhathi sokukhishwa kwangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sokuxoshwa silinganiselwe ezinyangeni ezingu-12 (izinyanga ezingu-18 uma ubhalisile ngemuva kwesikhathi sezempilo) futhi sisebenzise kuphela ezimweni zezempilo ozifunayo ukwelashwa ezinyangeni ezingu-6 ngaphambi kokuba ubhalise ohlelweni lwezempilo (lokhu kuvikelwa okuthuthukisiwe ngaphansi komqashi -Izinhlelo zempilo ezixhaswe ngenxa ye-HIPAA, ezixoxwe ngezansi).
Isibonelo, uMike oneminyaka engu-34 ubudala uthole umsebenzi omusha ngemuva kokungaqashi futhi engaqinisekisiwe cishe unyaka. Inkampani yakhe entsha yavumela abasebenzi ukuba bahlanganyele ohlelweni lwezempilo ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuqala sokukhokha. UMike wayenomoya ophuthumayo futhi waqhubeka nokulimala emadolweni edlala ibhasikidi ngesikhathi eseneminyaka engama-20. Kodwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba abhalise ohlelweni lwezempilo lomqashi wakhe, wayengekho udokotela ovakashele futhi akazange athathe noma yimiphi imithi. Ngakho-ke, wayengekho ngaphansi kwanoma yiliphi isikhathi sokubanjwa ngenxa yezimo zakhe ezikhona ngaphambili. Ngemuva nje kokuba eseqale ukusebenza, i-asthma yakhe yaba nzima kakhulu, kodwa yahlanganiswa ngokugcwele ngenxa yokunakekela kwakhe konke okuphathelene nesifo se-asthma ngoba yayingacatshangwa isimo esandulele ngoba wayengazange athole ukwelashwa kuyo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokubhalisa ohlelweni lomqashi wakhe.
Njengoba manje i-ACA isetshenzisiwe, akusizi ukuthi ngabe uMike wayenomsebenzi ngaphambi kokujoyina uhlelo lomqashi wakhe omusha, noma ngabe ufuna ukwelashwa nganoma yiziphi izimo zezokwelapha ezinyangeni ngaphambi kokujoyina uhlelo - izimo zakhe ezikhona ngaphambili zihlanganisiwe noma indlela.
I-HIPAA neKhokha eliKhokhwayo
Ngonyaka we-1996, iCongress yadlulisa umthetho we- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), umthetho ohlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okukhulu kuwe namalungu omndeni wakho, ikakhulu uma ubhalisa ohlelweni olunikezwa umqashi. Lezi zivikelo zihlanganisa:
- Imingcele ekusetshenzisweni kwesimo esandulele esingekho emiphakathini yezempilo exhaswe ngumqashi.
- Ivimbela izinhlelo zempilo ezixhaswe ngumqashi ekubandlululeni ngokukuphika noma ukushaja ngaphezulu ngokufakaza ngokususelwa ezinkingeni zempilo noma ilunga lomndeni.
- Ngokujwayelekile uqinisekisa ukuthi uma uthenga umshuwalense wezempilo, ungavuselela ukufaka kwakho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zempilo emndenini wakho.
Nakuba i-HIPAA ingasebenzi kuzo zonke izimo, umthetho wenza kube lula kubantu ukuthi bashintshe ohlelweni lwempilo oluxhaswe ngumqashi komunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzeke yini izimo ezikhona ngaphambili.
Futhi nakuba ukuvikeleka kwe-HIPAA kungazange kwandise emkhakheni wezimakethe ezizimele, ezinye izifundazwe zamukele imithetho evumela abantu abafanelekile be-HIPAA ukuthi bathenge ukukhishwa okukhishweyo emakethe ngayinye (i-HIPAA-kufanelekile ukuthi lowo muntu wayenezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ezingu-18 zokukhokhelwa okukweleta ngaphandle igebe lezinsuku ezingaba ngu-63, futhi ukukhishwa kwesikweletu esanda kutholakala kakhulu kwakungaphansi kohlelo oluxhaswe ngumqashi, uhlelo lukahulumeni, noma uhlelo lwesonto; futhi, lowo muntu kumele akhathele i- COBRA uma itholakala, futhi ayikwazi ukufaneleka for Medicare noma Medicaid).
Kodwa emazweni amaningi, ngaphambi kuka-2014, uma abantu abafanelekile be-HIPAA befuna ukuthenga umshuwalense wabo wezempilo futhi babe nemibandela esele ikhona, ukhetho lwabo olulodwa oluqinisekisiwe lwaluyisiphephelo esiphezulu sezinga lombuso .
Nakuba i-Trump Administration kanye namaRiphabhuliki e-Congress bazama ukuphinda futhi bachithe i-ACA ngo-2017, futhi bangase baqhubekele leyo nkambo uma begcina ama-Republican amakhulu ekhethini ngemuva kokhetho lwango-2018, ukuchithwa kwe-ACA ngeke kuthinte i-HIPAA, eyalandela i-ACA cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili .
Ukukhishwa Kwezikweletu
Isici esibalulekile se-HIPAA siyaziwa ngokuthi ukukhishwa kwesikweletu . Ukuqashelwa okukhokhwayo kungumshwalense wezempilo owawunayo ngaphambi kokuba ubhalise ohlelweni lwakho olusha lwezempilo, uma nje lungaphazanyiswa yisikhathi seminyaka engu-63 noma ngaphezulu. Isikhathi sesikhathi obenakho "sokukhokhela" umshuwalense wezempilo singasetshenziselwa ukuqeda isikhathi sokukhishwa kwesimo esivele sikhona ohlelweni lwakho lwezempilo olusha oluxhaswe ngumqashi, ngaphambi kokuba i-ACA iqede isikhathi sokukhishwa kwesimo sangaphambi kwesikhathi.
Okubalulekile: Uma ngabe okungenani izinyanga ezingu-18 zokuhlinzeka ngempilo emsebenzini wakho wangaphambilini futhi ubhalise ohlelweni lwakho lwezempilo olusha oluqashiwe ngumqashi ngaphandle kokuphumula kwezinsuku ezingu-63 noma ngaphezulu, uhlelo lwakho lwezempilo olusha alukwazanga ukukubeka ngaphansi kokuhlelwa kwe- ukukhishwa kwesimo esikhona. Lokhu kuvikelwa kwabathengi kwase kusekhona kakade ngaphambi kokuba i-ACA, futhi imizamo yokuphinda futhi ithathe indawo ye-ACA ngeke ithinte leli lungiselelo, njengoba liyingxenye ye-HIPAA kunokuba i-ACA.
Isibonelo, uGreg wanquma ukushintsha imisebenzi yamathuba okuthuthukiswa kangcono. Wasebenza nomqashi futhi wathola umsebenzi omusha, owaqala amasonto amabili ngemuva kokuyeka isikhundla sakhe sangaphambilini. Umsebenzi wakhe omusha wanikeza umshuwalense wezempilo ofanayo, otholakala emva kwenyanga yokuqala yomsebenzi, futhi wabhalisa ohlelweni lomndeni. Nakuba uGreg ayenempilo enhle, umkakhe wayenesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwesibili kanti enye yezingane zakhe yayine-asthma.
UGreg wayekade esebenzela inkampani yakhe yangaphambili iminyaka emibili, ngaleso sikhathi umndeni wakhe wawuhlanganiswe ngaphansi kohlelo lomqashi. Wayengenakho ukufakwa phakathi kwamasonto amabili abe phakathi kwemisebenzi, nangenyanga yokuqala yomsebenzi wakhe omusha, kodwa isikhathi sakhe esingavunyelwanga singaphansi kwezinsuku ezingu-63. Ngakho-ke naphezu kwezimo zezempilo zangaphambili ezikhona emndenini wakhe, uhlelo lwezempilo lukaGreg alukwazanga ukubeka isikhathi sokukhishwa kwesimo esandulele.
Njengoba manje i-ACA isetshenzisiwe, umqashi kaGreg akakwazi ukubeka isikhathi sokulinda esimweni esiluvele sikhona kunoma yibaphi ababhalisile abasha, kungakhathaliseki umlando wabo wezokwelapha noma umlando womshuwalense wezempilo.
Imibandela ekhona ngaphambili ne-Trump Administration
UMongameli Trump umkhankaso esithembisweni sokuqeda nokushintsha i-ACA. Wathatha isikhundla neRepublican iningi eNdlu naseSénate, futhi abameli beRiphabhulikhi babenqothule ukuchithwa kwe-ACA kulo lonke uhulumeni we-Obama Administration.
Kodwa uma iqiniso lokuqedwa lingafinyeleleki, abaholi be-Repubublican eCongress behlulekile ukusekela ukusekela okwanele ukudlulisa noma yiziphi izimali ezikhishwayo ze-ACA ezacatshangwa ngo-2017. Le Ndlu idlulisele uMthetho weMpilo waseMelika ukuphelisa izingxenye ze-ACA, kodwa Izinguqulo eziningana ze-bill zihlulekile ukudlula eSénate ngakho-ke isilinganiso asikaze senziwe.
I-ACA ayizange isusiwe
Ekuqaleni kuka-2018, ukuhlinzekwa kuphela kwe-ACA okuye kwachithwa kwaba yisigwebo somuntu ngamunye, futhi ukuphinda akusebenzi ukusebenza kuze kube ngo-2019. Abantu abangaqinisekisiwe ngo-2018 basengaphansi kwesigwebo, kodwa labo abangatholakali ngo-2019 nangaphesheya ngeke babhekane nesigwebo, ngaphandle uma isimo sabo sisebenza esisodwa (iMassachusetts isivele inegunya elilodwa ngaphambi kwe-ACA; DC isiseduze ekusebenziseni eyodwa, kanti nezinye izifundazwe zingalandelana).
Ezinye zezintela ze-ACA (intela yedivayisi yezokwelapha, intela yeCadillac, intela yomshuwalense wezempilo) yaphuza ekuqaleni kuka-2018 ngaphansi kwesinqumo sesabelo sezimali, kodwa asizange sichithwe.
Futhi konke ukuvikelwa kwabathengi be-ACA, kuhlanganise nezinhlinzeko ezihlobene nemibandela ekhona ngaphambili, kuhlanganisiwe kusukela ngo-2018. Eqinisweni, kwakungumkhankaso wokukhala ngokukhathazeka kwesimo esandulele esasichitha imizamo yokuphinda i-ACA ngo-2017, nezigidi zabantu ukuxhumana nabomthetho nokuveza ukukhathazeka okwehlisa noma ukuphinda i-ACA kuyosibuyisela ezinsukwini zokungabi khona kwemibandela ekhona ngaphambili kanye nemibandela yomlando wezokwelapha ezingenasisindo mayelana nezicelo zomshuwalense wezempilo.
Izinhlelo ezingabandakanyi izimo ezikhona ngaphambili zingase zivame kakhulu ngo-2018 nangaphezulu
Ngesikhathi esifanele, i-ACA iyinhlanhla futhi imizamo emikhulu yomthetho yokuqeda nokuyifaka esikhundleni sayo isuke ibambelele. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kuhlale kunjalo kuze kube ngemva kwemizuzu engu-2018, futhi ikusasa lomthetho onjalo lixhomeke kakhulu ekubunjweni kwezombangazwe kweCongress ngemuva kwemigomo.
Kodwa Ulawulo lweTrump lusetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa imithetho emisha ezokwenza ukutholakala kwezempilo okungavumelani ne-ACA-kufinyeleleke kalula. Lokhu kubandakanya izinhlelo zokuxhumana zenhlangano yamabhizinisi amancane kanye nabanikazi bezimpahla, kanye nezinhlelo zezempilo zesikhathi esifushane kubantu ngabanye.
Njengoba kufinyeleleke ekufinyeleleni kwezinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi, okuhlongozwa yi-Trump Administration ngasekuqaleni kuka-2018 , amaqembu amancane nabantu abazisebenzayo bangathola ukutholakala ngaphansi kwemithetho emikhulu yeqembu, ekhululekile kakhulu kunamaqembu amancane nemithetho yamakethe ngayinye ngokuhambisana I-ACA. Ngokwezimo ezandulele, izinhlelo eziningi zeqembu azidingeki zibandakanye ukusakazwa kwazo zonke izinzuzo zezempilo ze-ACA, futhi abaqashi beqembu elikhulu bangakwazi ukusekela amaphrimiyamu emlandweni wezokwelapha, ongavunyelwe kumakethe ngamunye noma amancane. .
Futhi uma imithethonqubo ehlongozwayo yezinhlelo zezempilo zesikhathi esifushane iphelile, abanikazi bomshuwalense bangase baqale ukuhlinzeka ngamapulani "okwesikhashana" (okudayiswa ngoJulayi 2018) ngezinsuku zokuqeda izinsuku ezingu-364. Le ncazelo yezinsuku ezingu-364 isisetshenzisiwe kakade ezingeni likahulumeni ngaphambi kuka-2017, kodwa i-Obama Administration yashintsha le ncazelo ukuze izinhlelo ezinqunyelwe isikhathi esifushane zingenakho isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu (ukubusa kwe-Obama Admin kwaqedelwa ngo-2016, kodwa akazange asebenze kuze kufike ngo-2017).
Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba izinhlelo zesikhathi esifushane ziye zaphela ngaphandle kwemithetho ye-ACA. Bangakwazi futhi benze ukufaneleka okuyisisekelo emlandweni wezokwelapha, futhi bavame ukuba nezibopho zokugqoka kwanoma yini ehlobene nesimo esandulele. Ukuvumela abantu ukuthi bagcine lezi zinhlelo cishe unyaka ogcwele kuyosho ukuthi abantu abaningi bazoba nokufakwa ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezingapheli izimo ezenzeka ngaphambili. Lezo zinhlelo zizobheka kuphela abantu abaphilile, bebeke abantu abagulayo eqenjini le-inshuwalense elihambisana ne-ACA. Lokho, kuzokwenza ukuthi kuqhutshwe ama-premiums emakethe ye-ACA-ehambisanayo. Kodwa izinhlelo ze-ACA-ezihambisanayo zizoqhubeka zimboza izimo ezikhona ngaphambili.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba i-Obama Administration inqunyelwe izinhlelo ezincane zesikhathi esifushane izinyanga ezintathu, ezinye izifunda azizange zivumeleke, futhi ezinye izifunda zilinganiselwe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngesikhathi eside. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukutholakala, abantu abathenga umshuwalense wesikhathi esifushane ababhekwa njenge-insured emehlweni e-ACA. Umshuwalense wezempilo wesikhathi esifushane awuyona insizakalo encane ebalulekile , ngakho-ke abantu abasebenzisa izinhlelo zesikhathi esifushane bahambisana nesigwebo somuntu ngamunye we-ACA. Kodwa leyo nhlawulo ngeke isasebenza kusukela ngo-2019, njengoba iye yachithwa ngokuphumelelayo njengengxenye yesikweletu se-GOP yentela. Ngakho-ke ngenkathi abanye abantu bebengase bahambe ngezinhlelo zesikhashana ngaphambi kuka-2017 ngoba befuna ukugwema isigwebo somuntu ngamunye we-ACA, leso sikhuthazo ngeke sisasebenza kusukela ngo-2019.
Ukuze kucace, abantu bazokwazi ukufinyelela ukuthengwa kwemakethe okubandakanya ukuvikelwa kwe-ACA kwangaphambili. Kodwa manje lo mthetho ozama ukususa i-ACA ifakwe emshini wokushisa emuva, i-Trump Administration isebenza ukuphumula imithetho ngezenzo zokulawula.
Imithombo:
> UMnyango WezeMpilo kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu, i-HIPAA. kanye ne-HealthCare.gov, i-HIPAA-Efanelekayo ngabanye.
> UMnyango Wezabasebenzi. Incazelo "Umqashi" Ngaphansi kwesigaba 3 (5) se-ERISA-Association Health Plans . Ihlongozwe ngoJanuwari 2018.
> Iminyango yoMgcinimafa, Imisebenzi, Nempilo Nemisebenzi Yabantu. Umshuwalense Wesikhathi Esifishane Nesikhathi Esincane . Kuhlongozwe ngo-February 2018.
> HealthCare.gov, Funda uMthetho Wokunakekelwa Onganakekelwayo.
> Kaiser Family Foundation, Ukuguqulwa Kwempilo Yomshwalense WezeMpilo: I-Issue Eqinisekisiwe . Juni 2012.
> Kaiser Family Foundation, Ukungahlangani Kweqembu Labantu Abafanelekile, i-Juni 2012.