Ukurekhoda okuyimfihlo kuvamile ngokwengeziwe futhi izikhathi eziningi zomthetho
Ngokusho kwePew Research Center, ngo-2016, amaphesenti angama-77 aseMelika ane-smartphone. Le nombolo ingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ukuthi kwakunjani lapho i-Pew Research Centre iqalile ukulandela umnikazi we-smartphone ngokulandela u-2011. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaphesenti angu-35 aseMelika anamakhompyutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2016, kwaba nokwanda okubukhali kubunikazi phakathi kwabantu asebekhulile nabantu abahola kancane.
Ama-Smartphone ayindawo yonke, futhi ukuhlanganisa kwawo kukhula.
Ngaphezu kokwenza ucingo, ama-smartphone angenza ezinye izinto eziningi. Bangathatha izithombe, badonsa ividiyo, badlale umculo, futhi bafinyelele ku-intanethi. Zingasetshenziswa futhi ukurekhoda ukuqashwa kwabadokotela ngaphandle kokwazi ngodokotela.
Ngokuyimfihlo ukurekhoda ukuhlangana kwemitholampilo kungase kuzwakale kungenangqondo, kodwa ku-39 kwezingu-50 kuthiwa kusemthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuhlangana komtholampilo okuqoshiwe kungaba namandla nokufundisa iziguli. Kodwa-ke, odokotela abaningi bayakuqonda ngokuba nokurekhoda kwezeluleko zabo ezizungeze indawo ethile lapho.
Kufana Kanjani?
Ayikho idatha eminingi mayelana nokuthi ukuqoshwa kwemfihlo okuvame kangakanani; le nkinga isanda kuvukela ekuvelele.
Kwesinye isifundo esincane sase-UK, u-Elwyn kanye nabalobi ababambisene nabo bathole ukuthi amaphesenti angu-15 abaphendulile abonise ukuthi babhalise ukuhlangana komtholampilo ngaphandle kwemvume, kanti amaphesenti angu-35 abahlanganyeli athi bacabange ukwenza lokho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulolu cwaningo, amaphesenti angu-11 omtholampilo aphendule ukuthi ayeyazi ukuthi ogciniwe wabhalwa ngasese. Ngokusho kwabalobi besifundo, "amaphesenti angu-69 abaphendulile abonise isifiso sabo sokuqopha ukuhlangana kwemitholampilo, bahlukanise ngokulinganayo phakathi kokufuna ukwenza kanjalo noma ngemvume."
Kanjani Umthetho?
Umbuso ngamunye unamakhemikhali ayo okufaka ucingo kanye nemithetho yokumisa. Lezi zimiso ziyahlukahluka kusuka kumbuso kuya kumbuso ngokusekelwe ukuthi ngabe omunye noma amaqembu amabili kufanele avume ukurekhoda ingxoxo, okubizwa ngokuthi yiziphathimandla zeqembu elilodwa noma iziphathimandla zeqembu lonke, ngokulandelana. Kuphelele, izifunda ezingu-39 kwezingu-50 kanye nesifunda sase-Columbia ziyiziphathimandla zeqembu elilodwa-lapho kufanele khona iqembu elilodwa kuphela. Ngamanye amazwi, kulezi zindawo, uma umuntu efuna ukurekhoda omunye umuntu-kuhlanganise nokuhlangana komtholampilo-kungokomthetho.
Kunamazwe angu-11 wonke ama-party-jurisdiction lapho kokubili umtholampilo nesiguli kufanele bobabili bavume ukurekhoda ingxoxo: eCalifornia, eCalifornia, eFlorida, e-Illinois, eMadison, eMassachusetts, eMichigan, e-Montana, eNew Hampshire, e-Oregon, ePennsylvania naseWashington. Kulezi zizwe, kuyisizathu sokuba isiguli sibhale udokotela ngaphandle kwemvume.
Emagunyeni angabodwa-noma amaningi e-United States-uma isiguli sicela ukurekhoda ukuhlangana komtholampilo futhi umtholampilo wenqabe, isiguli singakwazi ukuqhubeka nokurekhoda ukuhlangana. Umtholampilo kumele akhethe ukuqhubeka noma ukuqeda ukuhlangana.
Kuzo zonke iziphathimandla zeqembu, udokotela kumele abuzwe isiguli ukuthi alobe ukuhlangana komtholampilo.
Noma yikuphi ukuqopha okungekho emthethweni kungabikwa ngumtholampilo eziphathimandla. Imiphumela ekhona kungenzeka ifaka isinxephezelo semalimazi, izimali zommeli, nezinye izindleko, ngokusabalalisa ukurekhoda nge-intanethi kuthathwa njengokuphulwa okungeziwe.
Kuthiwani Nge-HIPAA?
Njenganoma yiliphi irekhodi lezokwelapha elihlelekile, umthetho we-HIPAA Wobumfihlo uhlanganisa noma yikuphi ukuqoshwa komsindo noma ividiyo okwenziwa ngumnakekeli wezempilo, uhlelo lwezempilo, noma indlu yokuhlanza impilo. Kodwa-ke, i- HIPAA ayinweli ekuqopheni okwenziwe isiguli. Ngamanye amazwi, ezikhundleni zeqembu elilodwa, isiguli singakwazi ukusabalalisa ukurekhoda njengoba kujabulise.
Iyini Inzuzo Yokuqopha?
Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi iziguli zibeka inani eliphakeme kumarekhodi alalelwayo ezenziwe ngokuhlangana kwemitholampilo. Ngokwesibonelo, ekubuyekezeni kuka-2014, i-Tsulukidze kanye nozakwethu bathola ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, amaphesenti angu-72 weziguli alalela ukubonisana okuqoshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphesenti angama-60 weziguli ahlanganyela lokhu okuqoshiwe komsindo nabathandekayo nabanye. Ngokuyinhloko, lezi zirekhodi ziboniswe ukuthuthukisa ukukhumbula isiguli nokuqonda izimo zabo.
Okunye okufundwa ngophenyo kusikisela ukuthi iziguli kanye namalungu omndeni wabo bavame ukuqonda ubunzima bokuboniswa ngesikhathi sokuqashwa kukadokotela ngoba banqotshwa usizi nezinzwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukurekhoda kungadlalwa kamuva lapho isiguli kanye namalungu omndeni bekulungele kangcono ukuqonda umyalezo, isiqondiso, kanye nezeluleko. I-oncologists iye yazi ngalesi senzakalo isikhathi esithile, yingakho ukuqoshwa kokuhlangana kuvame ukuhlinzekwa iziguli ezitholwa isifo somdlavuza.
Esikhathini sokuhlola okukhulunywe ngaye ngaphambili e-UK, u-Elwyn nabobhali bezobambisene bathole ukuthi isisusa esiyinhloko sokurekhoda ukuhlangana kwabahlengikazi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lokunakekelwa kwezempilo nokwabelana ngolwazi nabanye. Kodwa-ke, ezinye iziguli zabika ukuthi zifuna ukusebenzisa okuqoshiwe njengobungqina bokunakekelwa okuncane.
Ngabe Odokotela Bazizwa Kanjani?
Ikakhulukazi emsebenzini, bambalwa abantu abathanda ukurekhodwa ngaphandle kwemvume yabo; odokotela abahlukile.
Ngombono ovela kuJAMA , uRodriguez noMorrow bhala lokhu okulandelayo:
Akuwona wonke ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kulezi zingxoxo eziqoshiwe kuzuzisa iziguli kanye nodokotela. Abagulayo noma amalungu omndeni abangavumelani neseluleko sogqirha babo noma abathukuthele odokotela babo nganoma yisiphi isizathu esingaba lula ukubeka imibono kulezi zirekhodi ngaphandle komongo futhi, ngezingqikithi ezimbalwa, basakaze ngezindaba zomphakathi. Iziguli zingakwazi ukurekhoda izingxoxo ngenhloso ethize yokubeka izizathu zokusola noma ukuqoqa izinto okufanele zisebenzise udokotela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma udokotela esolwa noma kamuva ethola ukuthi ukuhlangana kuye kwarekhodwa ngaphandle kwemvume, ubudlelwane nodokotela-isiguli bangakwazi ukuhlupheka. Okokuqala, laba odokotela bangakholelwa ukuthi banqatshelwe ilungelo lokuvuma ukurekhoda. Okwesibili, odokotela bangase bazizwe besengozini yokuhlola nokungazethembi isiguli.
Izwi elivela
Ekugcineni, abahlinzeki bezempilo, abenzi bomgomo, nezinhlangano zokugqugquzela ngesineke kumele bahlangane ukuze benze iziqondiso kanye neziqondiso zokulawula mayelana nokurekhoda kweziguli.
Okwamanje, kungase kube umbono omuhle odokotela ezinkampanini ezilodwa zenkampani ukuze bathole ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bayathinteka ngasese ngesikhathi sonke sokuhlangana komtholampilo. Udokotela angakwazi ukuqhubeka ngaphandle kokuvumela noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka mayelana nokurekhoda kuthinta ukunakekelwa kwesiguli, ukwenziwa kwezinqumo zokwelapha, noma isimo sengqondo ngesiguli.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, udokotela angabuza ukuthi ngabe ukuhlangana kubhaliwe, ukuveza ukuvuma, nokufundisa isiguli mayelana nokusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kangcono kwalezi zirekhodi.
Okokugcina, ngisho noma kungekho nesibopho esingokomthetho, kungase kwenzeke isiguli ukwazisa udokotela ukuthi bahlela ukurekhoda ukuhlangana. Ukwenza kanjalo kungavimbela noma yikuphi ukuzwa okunzima, ukwesaba, noma ukufutheka ngodokotela.
> Imithombo:
> Elwyn, G, Barr, PJ, Castaldo, M. Ingabe Iziguli Zenza Ukuqoshwa Kwezinkinga Zezokwelapha? I-JAMA. Ngo-Julayi 10, 2017.
> Elwyn G, Barr PJ, Grande SW. Iziguli ezirekhoda ukuhlangana komtholampilo: indlela yokunika amandla? Ukuhlolwa ngezindlela ezixubene. I-BMJ Vula. 2015; 5: e008566.
> Rodriguez, M, Morrow, J. Impikiswano Yokuziphatha Kweziguli Nemindeni Ngokuqopha Ukuqopha Ingxoxo Nezazi. I-JAMA. 2015; 313 (16): 1615-1616.
> Smith, A. Rekhoda amasheya aseMelika manje anakho ama-Smartphone, abe ne-broadband ekhaya. I-Pew Research Centre. www.pewresearch.org.
> Tsulukidze, M, et al. Ukuhlinzeka ukurekhoda kokubonisana komtholampilo neziguli - Ukungenelela okubaluleke kakhulu kodwa okungekho ngaphansi komhlaba: Ukubuyekezwa kokuhlola. Imfundo Nokubekezela Ukubekezela. 2014; 95: 297-304.