Ukukhulumisana okuhle kudokotela (noma wamazinyo noma esibhedlela) kubalulekile. Ukuqaphela lokhu, abalobi be- American Disabled Act (ADA) bahlanganisa ulimi oluthile mayelana nokufinyelela kokuxhumana kwabantu abayizithulu nabanzima bokuzwa abantu. Noma kunjalo, kube khona amacala amaningi okuhluleka (noma ukulahla ngokuqondile) izikhungo zezokwelapha ukunikeza abahumushi bezandla zolimi.
Lesi sihloko sithintele ngokwami. Ngenxa yokuxhumana okungenakusebenza, ngase ngilahlekelwa izinyo ezinhle ukukhipha ngoba udokotela wamazinyo akazange akhulume ngokwanele. Ngangihlala esihlalweni somhlinzeki odokotela ohlinzayo lapho ehlolisisa ama-x-ray ami, ebizwa ngokuthi ihhovisi lezinyosi, futhi nginquma ukuthi angizange ngidinge izinyo ezikhishwe.
Isihloko III se-ADA
Isihloko III se-ADA sihlanganisa ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokuhlala zomphakathi. I-Subchapter III - Izakhiwo Zomphakathi Nezinkonzo Eziqhutshwa Ngama-Private Entities, Isigaba 12181, Izincazelo, zithi izibonelo ezilandelayo zamabhizinisi ezizimele zibhekwa njengezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi:
(F) i-laundromat, i-dryer, i-bank, i-barber shop, i-beauty shop, i-travel shop, i-shoe service yokukhanda, imishini yomngcwabo, isiteshi segesi, ihhovisi le-akhawunti noma ummeli, ikhemisi, i-inshurensi, ihhovisi lezisebenzi zomhlinzeki wezempilo , isibhedlela , noma esinye isakhiwo sesevisi;
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchazwa koMnyango wezoBulungiswa weSihloko III uthi:
Izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi zihlanganisa ... amahhovisi odokotela, izibhedlela , ...
Ukuhunyushwa okufanayo kusho ukuthi izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi kufanele "Zinikeze izinsizakalo ezisizayo lapho kudingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuba umthwalo ongadingekile noma ushintsho oluyisisekelo luyophumela." (Ukuguqulwa okuyisisekelo kusho ukuthi kuzoba nethonya elikhulu ebhizinisini.
Ngokwesibonelo, udokotela ngeke asakwazi ukunikeza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo).
Ngabe Kudingeka Yini Umhumushi?
"Usizo lwezosizo" njengoba kuchazwa i-ADA lisho " abahumushi abafanelekayo noma ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo zokwenza izinto ezihlinzekiwe ezitholakalayo kubantu abanokukhubazeka kokuzwa." Izindlela ezihlukile zisho amasu afana nokubhala ngokuphindaphindiwe ephepheni noma ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuxhumana zekhompyutha. Ngabe umhumushi uyadingeka nini? Lo mbuzo uphendulwa kangcono nguMqulu Wezobulungiswa be-ADA Technical Assistance Manual.
Umhlahlandlela we-ADA Technical Assistance Manual, uphendula umbuzo othi "Ubani onquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo losizo olungasiza okufanele lunikezwe?" ngokusho ukuthi indawo yokuhlala indawo yomphakathi, isib. ihhovisi likadokotela, uthola "isinqumo sokugcina" mayelana nokuthi iyiphi indlela ongayisebenzisa, uma nje indlela ekhethiwe ibangela ukuxhumana okusebenzayo . Kukhona ukungavumelani ngalokho okusho ukuxhumana okusebenzayo. I-Manual Assistance Manual ithi:
Udokotela kumele anikezwe ithuba lokubonisana nesiguli futhi enze ukuhlolwa okuzimele ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo losizo oluzayo, uma lukhona, oludingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo. Uma isiguli sikholelwa ukuthi isinqumo sikadokotela ngeke siholele ekukhulumisaneni okuphumelelayo, khona-ke isiguli singayinselela leso sinqumo ngaphansi kwesihloko sesithathu ngokuqala ukuphikisa noma ukufaka isikhalazo kuMnyango Wezobulungiswa ...
Umhlahlandlela wosizo lwezobuchwepheshe unesibonelo esithile lapho umhumushi edingekayo uma kuqhathaniswa lapho umhumushi engadingeki. Ukwengeza kuka-1994 ku-Manual Assistance Manual kuveza izibonelo ezimbili. Esikhathini sokuqala, umuntu oyisithulu uya kudokotela ukuze ahlolwe njalo; amanothi kanye nezenzo kuthathwa njengamukelekile. Esikhathini sesibili, umuntu oyisithulu ofanayo usanda kuba nesifo esibucayi futhi udinga ukuhlolwa okuphelele; umhumushi kubhekwa njengadingekile ngoba ukukhulumisana kujulile.
Ukuthola odokotela, odokotela bamazinyo, izibhedlela ukuvumelana
Isivimbelo esisodwa sokuthola abahumushi "ukuphathwa okungadingekile" okuhlinzekwayo.
Ukulwa nalokhu, i-National Association of the Deaf (NAD) inephepha lokugcina inthanethi elitshela abantu abayizithulu ukwazisa abahlinzeki bezempilo ngaphambi kokuqokwa, ukuthi badinga umhumushi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lithi umhlinzeki wezempilo kufanele akhokhele umhumushi ngisho noma izindleko zomhumushi ziphakeme kunezindleko zokuvakashelwa. Ngezansi kwephepha leshidi, kunezixhumanisi ezibhekene namacala uMthetho we-NAD noMnyango Wokukhuthaza uhileleke kuwo. Iphepha elibalulekile le-NAD elihlobene, lemibuzo nezimpendulo zabahlinzeki bezempilo, linolunye ulwazi olubalulekile njengokuthi izindleko zomhumushi kudokotela zingafakwa ngesikweletu somthelo.
Amacala okuhumusha aphakathi
UMnyango Wezobulungiswa unomsebenzi we-ADA Mediation, lapho amaqembu ekhuluma ngesisombululo esamukelekayo. Lezi zibonelo ezifingqiwe zamacala ahlanganyelwe abandakanya abahumushi ezindaweni zokwelashwa zanikezwa ekhasini le-ADA Mediation Program:
- Udokotela owenqaba ukukhokha umhumushi wavuma ukuqasha abahumushi.
- Omunye udokotela wavuma ukukhokhela abahumushi futhi alondoloze uhlu lwabahumushi abafanelekayo ukubiza.
I-ADA Amacala Ahlanganisa Abahumushi
UMnyango Wezobulungiswa ushicilela iphephandaba le-inthanethi, izindaba ze-Disability Rights online, eziqukethe izibonelo zamacala ahlanganisa odokotela, odokotela bamazinyo nezibhedlela. Ngezansi kukhona izibonelo ezifingqiwe ezitholakalayo. Kwezinye izimo zesibhedlela, iziguli eziyizithulu noma ezizwayo zazihlala ekamelweni lokuphuthumayo lapho zidingeka kepha azitholanga abahumushi, futhi / noma babengenalo abahumushi phakathi nokuhlala kwabo esibhedlela.
Iziguli ezivame ukuzwa izidakamizwa zenziwa izidakamizwa nezinqubo ngaphandle kokuqonda okwakwenzekayo, noma amalungu omndeni aphoqelelwa ukuba angene emisebenzini engafanele njengabahumushi abakhulu.
- Ngo-Agasti 2007: Isibhedlela saseRhode Island sahlala futhi sivuma ukunikeza abahumushi.
- June 2007: Isibhedlela saseVirginia sihlala futhi sivuma ukunikeza abahumushi amalungu omndeni wezithulu zeziguli ezizwayo.
- NgoDisemba 2006: Isibhedlela saseLou Louisiana sahlala futhi savuma ukunikeza abahumushi iziguli eziyizithulu.
- Okthoba 2006: Isibhedlela saseFlorida sahlala futhi savuma ukunikeza abahumushi.
- Agasti 2006: Isibhedlela saseMalimane esasisebenzisa kakade ukuhumusha kwevidiyo, kuvunyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngamasevisi okuhumusha amavidiyo asebenzayo.
- June 2006: Amacala ayisishiyagalombili:
- Ihhovisi lamazinyo lase-Indiana lavuma ukunikeza abahumushi ngezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
- Udokotela waseMinnesota wavuma ukunikeza abahumushi.
- Udokotela waseGeorgia uvumile ukunikeza abahumushi.
- Udokotela endaweni yaseNavada yasemaphandleni wavuma ukunikeza abahumushi.
- Udokotela waseFlorida wavuma ukunikeza abahumushi.
- Udokotela waseMichigan wavuma ukunikeza abahumushi esikhundleni sokucela isiguli esithulu ukuba sisebenzise ilunga lomndeni.
- Udokotela wamazinyo waseNevada wavuma ukunikeza ukuxhumana okusebenzayo.
- Isazi sezokwelapha sase-Illinois savuma ukunikeza abahumushi.
- February 2006: Isibhedlela saseDelaware savuma ukunikeza abahumushi. Isiguli sasingekho umhumushi kulelo gumbi lokuphuthumayo noma kulo lonke ukuhlala kwakhe.
- Ngo-September 2005: Isibhedlela saseWashington, DC savuma ukunikeza umhumushi noma ukuxhumana okusebenzayo.
- Disemba 2004: Amacala amathathu:
- Isibhedlela saseMalimane savuma ukunikeza abahumushi.
- E-Tennessee, odokotela abathathu bavuma ukunikeza abahumushi iklayenti efanayo eyisithulu.
- I-dentist yase-Iowa yavuma ukunikeza abahumushi.
Imithombo (efinyelelwe 11/21/07):
Umhlahlandlela we-ADA Technical Assistance Manual 1994, i-http://www.ada.gov/taman3up.html
I-ADA Isihloko Sosizo Lomsebenzi Wezobuchwepheshe I-ADA, http://www.ada.gov/taman3.html
Umthetho Wokukhubazeka waseMelika ka-1990, http://www.ada.gov/pubs/ada.htm
UMnyango Wezobulungisa I-ADA Mediation Program, http://www.ada.gov/mediate.htm
Izindaba Zokukhubazeka Amalungelo E-inthanethi, http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/disabilitynews.htm
Odokotela - I-National Association of the Deaf, http://www.nad.org/doctors
Izihloko eziphezulu zeSihloko III, http://www.ada.gov/t3hilght.htm