I-HIV Emhlabeni Wonke - China

Impucuko Yasekudala Yomhlaba kanye nokuthi Isebenza kanjani ne-HIV ne-AIDS

I-China ingenye imiphakathi endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Indlela yabo yokuphila yakhiwe phezu kwesiko kanye nesiko lamaShayina. Isiko esivela emuva eminyakeni engama-6,000 sibhekana kanjani nesifo esiwumkhuhlane owavela eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-30 eyedlule?

I-China - Izibalo zabantu

Nazi ezinye amaqiniso ngeChina:

• e-Eastern Asia
• indawo, ingenye yamazwe amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, enendawo engaba amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-9.6 (kancane kancane kune-United States)

• inani labantu abangaba ngu-1.3 billion, elilingana namaphesenti angu-20 omhlaba wonke
• enamakhulu ezinhlanga ezikhuluma ngezilimi eziningi nezilimi
• akukho inkolo ehlonishwa nguhulumeni kodwa inkolo yomuntu siqu nezinhlangano zenkolo kuvunyelwe
• izinkolo eziyinhloko yiBuddhism, Taoism, noConfucian
• Amasiko asendulo ahlala phansi ahlinzeka isisekelo sesiko samaShayina

Isimo se-HIV eChina

Nazi ezinye amaqiniso nge-HIV ne-AIDS eChina:

• Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2006, ukulinganisa "okusemthethweni" ukuthi abantu ababalelwa ku-650,000 bahlala ne-HIV kanye nabangu-75 000 abaphila ne-AIDS. Ochwepheshe ngaphandle kweChina bakholelwa ukuthi izinombolo zangempela ziphakeme kakhulu kunezo ezivunyelwe uhulumeni waseShayina.

• kunezingcingo ezilinganiselwa ku-70 000 ze-HIV kanye nama-25 000 abantu ababulawa yi-AIDS ngonyaka ngamunye

Ukulingana okuphelele kwesifo segciwane lesandulela ngculazi kunzima ukuhlola ngenxa yemigwalo yomgwaqo kahulumeni. Ohulumeni basekhaya kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kazwelonke bayanqikaza ukubeka inamba enzima kulo mkhuhlane ngenxa yokwesaba ukubandlululwa nokucwasa.

Lezo zakhamizi ezikwazi ukuthi i-HIV ingakanani ukuzama ukuza ukuhlolwa ngenxa yokwesaba ukubuyiselwa emuva uma zitholakala ukuthi zinezinkinga. Abantu abaningi abahlolwanga ngoba bengazi lutho noma akukho lutho mayelana nokuba khona kwe-HIV. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-17 ezakhamizi zaseShayina azi ukuthi i-HIV ikhona.

Inani lamacala asezindaweni zasemakhaya e-HIV cishe alinakwenzeka ukulinganisa ngokunembile. Ukuntuleka noma ukungabi khona kwemishini yokuhlola kanye nenani elilinganiselwe labasebenzi abahlolwayo abaqeqeshiwe lenza ukuxilongwa kunzima kakhulu. Izindawo zasemaphandleni zaseChina zihlupheka kakhulu ngemfundo encane kakhulu. Labo ababazi nge-HIV abahlolwanga ngenxa yezinhlamba ezihambisana nokuxilongwa okuhle.

Umlando we-HIV eChina

E-China, isifo se-HIV saqala kancane phakathi nawo-1980. Inombolo encane yegciwane lesandulela ngculazi latholwa ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yasogwini. Izikhulu zaseShayina zithi ukuqhuma kwezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe kanye nabafundi baseShayina ababuya ekutadisheni emhlabeni jikelele. Uhulumeni waseShayina uthumele izixwayiso ezisemthethweni kwabesifazane baseShayina ukuthi bangalalali nohulumeni ababiza ngokuthi "izihambi zakwamanye amazwe" ngoba bangenwe igciwane. Ngokusho nje, i-China yabona ukuthi i-HIV yinkinga yomunye umuntu.

Uhulumeni osemthethweni ubheka i-HIV ukuthi ingozi eChina yayinganiselwe kakhulu. I-HIV icatshangwa ukuthi iyisifo esiningi kakhulu sobulili obufanayo futhi uhulumeni wazizwa ukuthi eChina, ubungqingili kanye "nobulili obungavamile" kwakuyinkinga encane.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-80 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka engu-90, ukutheleleka nge-HIV kwavela njengenkinga ekhulayo phakathi kwabasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezidakamizwa.

Noma kunjalo, uhulumeni wayenomuzwa wokuthi i-HIV "isifo seNtshonalanga," njengoba kwakunenkinga yabo yokuphuza izidakamizwa. I-HIV yabizwa ngokuthi "isifo se-capitalism" nokuthi enye iChina ayiyona ingxenye.

Kodwa kusukela eminyakeni eyi-90 kuya ekuqaleni kuka 2000, i-HIV yaqala ukusabalalisa kuzo zonke izifundazwe zaseShayina. Iphutha lezinkinga ezinjalo ezazisakazeka lizimisele ukuhlinzeka ngegazi elingaphephile.

Uhulumeni waseShayina wathola izikhungo zokuqoqa igazi e-China. Ngenkathi kunemihlahlandlela endaweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi, izindawo eziningi zokuqoqa ezizimele zisika izinkambo ukuze zandise inzuzo yazo. Izindlela zabo zokuqoqa zidalula izinkulungwane zabantu kwi-HIV.

Imishini yokuqoqa yayisetshenziswa njalo kwiziguli eziningi futhi igazi eliqoqwe kusuka kubanikeli abaningana lahlanganiswa. Iziphathimandla zahlukanisa izingxenye zegazi ezazizidingayo bese zifaka kabusha okushiywe kwegazi elihlangene emuva kwabaxhasi, ngaleyo ndlela zidalula abanikeli nge-HIV, isibindi C kanye nezinye izifo ezithwala igazi.

Ngonyaka ka-2000, ngenxa yokuhlinzeka ngegazi elingaphephile, isibalo se-HIV sibhalisiwe, senza uhulumeni waseShayina aphakamise inqubomgomo engavumelani yokuthula kwe-HIV nokuphika.

Umkhuba Wezocansi

Njengoba kushiwo, amasiko amaningi aseShayina asekelwe emasikweni asendulo. Enye inkolelo efana nobulili nokucwaswa kwabesifazane. Ubulili bukhona kokubili esikhungweni nakwezinye. Ukwelashwa okulinganayo nokulingana kwabesifazane kuyaphikisana nezinkolelo zamasiko nezenkolo. Ubulili buqinile kakhulu kangangokuthi izimfundiso eziningi zibuza umbuzo ophikisanayo, "ngaba besifazane ngokugcwele"? Umbuzo omkhulu uma amadoda nabesifazane benamakhono afanayo.

Ngisho nangomqondo wezomnotho, ubulili buvame kakhulu. Abesifazane babonakala njengomncintiswano wabasebenzi besilisa. Ubulili buye bufaka ngisho nokukhetha ukuba nezingane. Umkhuba wokukhipha isisu ngendlela ejwayelekile isenzo esivamile ukuthi ukulingana kwezinsana zamantombazane kuya kubantfwana besifazane kuyanda. Ubulili buyathinta ubukhulu besifo segciwane lesandulela ngculaza ngokusho ukuthi abantu bafundiswa kanjani ngeHIV nokuthi ngubani owenza izinqumo mayelana nemikhuba evikelekile yobulili.

Ikhasi lambili lixoxa ukuthi ngubani otheleleke, isimo sokuvimbela i-HIV, nokuthi yiluphi ukunakekelwa kwe-HIV kuyatholakala.

Ubani Othelelekile?

Njengoba kuvamile ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, i-HIV isuke isifo esivela kubantu abambalwa emiphakathini engozini enkulu kuya kwesifo esitholakala kuwo wonke umuntu. Noma kunjalo, lezi zinhlangano ezibeka ingozini enkulu zibhekene nokutheleleka kwezwe eziningi.

• IV Abasebenzisa Izidakamizwa - Ezweni lapho cishe amaphesenti amathathu ezakhamizi zalo kukhona abasebenzisi bezidakamizwa abangu-IV, labo bantu balinganiselwa ngamaphesenti angama-60 azo zonke izifo ezintsha ze-HIV. I-China inezinqubomgomo zokudambisa izidakamizwa zeroza ukuthi noma ubani obanjwe esebenzisa izidakamizwa ze-IV kufanele abuyele ekuvuselelweni kwezidakamizwa eziphoqelelwe. Omunye angacabanga ukuthi indawo enjalo kungaba yindlela ephelele yokufundisa nge-HIV. Kodwa-ke, ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zemfundo ye-HIV ne-AIDS njengengxenye yokuvuselela izidakamizwa kuye kwancipha. Imilayezo yokuvimbela iyekelelwe kumaphosta ambalwa achaza ingozi ye-HIV nokuvimbela.

• Imikhiqizo yegazi - Naphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga ngegazi laseShayina esikhathini esidlule, uhulumeni uyaqhubeka nokuvimbela ukungenisa kwemikhiqizo yegazi. Izikhungo ze-Blood donor ziqhutshwa yinzuzo, okusho ukuthi izikhungo eziningi zezohwebo zisika izingxenyana ukuze zenze imali eyengeziwe, noma ngabe kusho ukuphula umthetho. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti angaba ngu-10 azo zonke izifo ezintsha ezisuka kumikhiqizo yegazi enegciwane. Qhathanisa lokho nabase-US, abanesifo sabo sokutheleleka emikhiqizweni yegazi seqedile, futhi uyaqonda ukuthi iyiphi inkinga enkulu igazi eligcotshweyo eliseChina.
• Abasebenzi bezocansi - Inkinga ekhulayo yokudayisa ubufebe eChina ishukunyiswa kakhulu yizidingo zomnotho. Ubufebe abukho emthethweni eChina kanye nezinsiza zikahulumeni ezixhasiwe "zokuvuselela" kulabo besifazane abanjwe bethatha imali ngezocansi. Kodwa-ke, izikhungo zokubuyiselwa kabusha zifundisa ngokuyinhloko ububi bokudayisa ubufebe futhi akuyona ingozi yempilo yokuthi ubufebe bubangelwa abesifazane abathintekayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu kuyiphutha. Abesifazane baboshwe ngenxa yokuphatha amakhondomu, kuthathwa njengophawu lobufebe. Ngenxa yalokhu, izisebenzi zocansi aziqali ukusebenzisa ikhondomu. Lokhu kuhambisana nobulili obamukelekayo ngokobulili kuvimbela abesifazane abaningi ukuba bangaholele emikhansweni yobulili ephephile.

• Amadoda Abalala Ngabantu (MSM) - Nakuba ubungqingili abukho emthethweni, kuthatha inhlamba enkulu. Yile nhlanhla eyanciphisa ukufinyeleleka kolwazi lwezocansi oluvikelekile kanye nemfundo ye-HIV. Ama-Gay azizwa kungekho ndawo ephephile ukuba baxoxe ngezingozi nokukhathazeka. Amadoda angamaGay akhuthazwa ukuba aqede ubungqingili bawo futhi ashade nabesifazane. Abaningi benza kodwa baqhubeke benesisindo esingaphephile namanye amadoda, bebeka abafazi babo engozini enkulu lapho bezocansi ngaphakathi komshado. Ngenkathi i-MSM ingazibali inani elikhulu le-HIV manje, cishe ingxenye yesigamu se-MSM isebenza ngokocansi olungaphephile, ngakho-ke ochwepheshe besaba lokhu kuzokwanda ukwanda kwenani lamacala amasha we-HIV maduzane.

• Abafuduki - abangu-120 abayizigidi ezifudukayo baseChina bahamba kakhulu, behamba ezweni lonke lapho umsebenzi uthatha khona. Lokhu kuhamba kubangelwa ukuthi bavikeleke kwi-HIV. Ukuya ezindaweni ezintsha, ezingajwayelekile, abafudukayo banqikazi ukuthola izinsizakalo zokuvimbela i-HIV uma zikhona. Bangase bahambe ezindaweni lapho amakhondomu abonakala khona noma kunzima ukufinyelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaningi abafudukayo bangamadoda angashadile abasha. Imali abayitholayo ibalulekile futhi ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziselwa izidakamizwa nezifebe ukuze kulwa nokuzungulelwa kokuba emgwaqeni. Lawo madoda ashadile, abuyele ekuhambeni kwawo futhi abeke omkawo engozini ngokulala nobugebengu obungaphephile nabo emva kokulala ngocansi emgwaqweni.

Ukuvimbela i-HIV

Kuze kube ngo-1998 iKhina yayinecebo likazwelonke, elide lokulwa ne-HIV. Umqondo wezikhangiso zekhondomu wadutshulwa ngokushesha nguhulumeni waseShayina ngemva kokukhangiswa kwesikhathi esisodwa kwinethiwekhi kazwelonke yethelevishini ngo-1999. Amakhondomu ayebhekwa njengamathuluzi angekho emthethweni ngocansi we-China Administration Administration of Industry and Commerce futhi avinjelwe kusuka kuma-airwaves. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kwaqhubeka kuze kube ngo-2001 lapho uMnyango WezeMpilo waseChina uvuselela ikhondomu ngokuthi "amadivaysi ezempilo" esikhundleni sezinto zokuthengisa ngokocansi. Noma kunjalo, ikhondomu ayiyona ingxenye eyamukelekayo ye-China ejwayelekile, ayitholakali futhi ayimfanelo embi.

Kamuva kwabikwa ukuthi ukusoka kungaba yindlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa ingozi yokudluliswa kwe-HIV.

Inkolelo yukuthi ukusoka kungaba yinto enhle kulawo mazwe afana neChina anezinsizakalo ezinganiselwe ukuzinikela ekufundiseni ikhondomu nokusabalalisa. Kodwa-ke, isihloko esiseChina Daily sabika ukuthi izikhulu azizange zithengiswe ngezinzuzo zokusoka futhi ngeke zivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni lo mkhuba.

Imfundo yokunciphisa ingozi kanye nezinhlelo zokushintshanisa izinaliti zanda kulo lonke elaseChina. Uhulumeni waseShayina uye waqinisekisa ukuthi imizamo yokufundisa nge-HIV nemizamo yokuqwashisa kufanele iqondiswe emphakathini jikelele ngenhloso yokuguqula ubandlululo nokucwasa. Ngo-1998 uKhayini wathembisa ukuqala uhlelo lwezifundo ze-HIV ezikoleni kodwa kuze kube namuhla alukho uhlelo olunjalo olukhona.

Amaqembu aphezulu okubeka ingozi aqhubeka enza izinkinga ze-HIV. Amadoda angamaGay asenaso isiphephelo ekubandlululweni, ephazamisa kakhulu imizamo yokufundisa abantu. Amaqembu afisa ukuxhasa noma ukuqala imikhankaso yemfundo ye-HIV emphakathini ayenqikazi ukwenza kanjalo ngokwesaba ukulimaza kakhulu isithombe sabo somphakathi.

Umbuso we-HIV Care

Naphezu kokukhula kwe-HIV, bambalwa kakhulu abakwazi ukuthola ukunakekelwa okuyisisekelo kwe-HIV. Uhulumeni ukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezinguquko zasendlini zemithi ethile ye-HIV; Kodwa-ke, lezi zitholakale zitholakale futhi zinezinga elibi. Kulabo abafinyelela kulezi zidakamizwa, imiphumela emibi ibuhlungu ngokuphawulekayo kunezinguqulo ze-brevet, okwenza kube nzima ukunamathela. Ngo-2004, abantu abangaba ngu-12 000 kuphela ababethatha imishanguzo ye-HIV njalo.

Uhulumeni uqale lokho ababiza ngokuthi i- Four Frees kanye ne-One Care Policy . Isinyathelo siqukethe:

• Ukuzindla kwamahhala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni ezikhathazekile ngokwezimali.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV kanye nokululekwa kwamahhala.
• Imithi yamahhala kwabesifazane abakhulelwe abanegciwane.
• Isikole samahhala sezingane eziyizintandane ngeHIV ne-AIDS.
• Ukunakekelwa kwe-HIV nokusizwa komnotho kulabo abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza

Nakuba lo mqondo ungumuntu omuhle, okwenza kube yiqiniso kuyindlela ende.

_Imithombo:

_{I-Kanabus, A .; "" I-HIV / AIDS e-China "; Avert.org; 10 Feb 2007.}

_{Li, Chenyang ;; "I-Sage kanye no-2. Ubulili: I-Confucianism Ethics kanye nobulili." Inkantolo Evulekile 2000 . 17th. Uhlelo; Chicago 2000.}

_{UMnyango WezoMbuso wase-US; "I-Background Note: China"; Washington DC: 01 Jan 2007.}