Izinkolelo ziqhubeka futhi zihumusha ekukhuleni kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi
Ngenkathi izinkolelo ze-HIV zelungu le-HIV aziyona into entsha, esukela emuva kumikhankaso ye- AIDS denialist ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, umthelela walezi zinkolelo uqhubeka ukuphazamisa imizamo eminingi yokunakekelwa kwempilo yomphakathi.
Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwa ngo-2013 olwenziwa ngabacwaningi base-UCLA, cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabaseMelika abaneminyaka engama-50 ubudala nangaphezulu wenza inkolelo yokwenza isandulela ngculaza, isibalo esivumelana ngokujulile nesifundo sangaphambili lapho omunye kwabase-Afrika baseMelika ekholelwa ukuthi i-HIV yadalwa ebhukwini likahulumeni .
Ngezici eziningi, lezi zibalo azimangazi uma ukungathembeki kukahulumeni kungasetshenziswa kakhulu emiphakathini ehlukanisiwe. Ukuhluleka okubonakalayo kanye / noma kwangempela kweziphathimandla zempilo yomphakathi, kuhlanganiswa ukungathembeki komphakathi ngokubanzi (lapho ukubandlululwa nokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kubonakala kubonakala sengathi kuningi) kungase kube ukuvunyelwa kwalezo zinkolelo ezabelwana ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Abanye ababekhuluma njalo ngezinkolelo bahlanganisa:
- Ukugodla ukwelashwa noma umuthi wokugoma nguhulumeni.
- I-HIV isetshenziselwa ukulawula noma ukubulala abantu abangafuni umphakathi.
- Abantu basebenzisa njengezingulube zezinkampani ngamakhamphani ezidakamizwa.
Nakuba lezi zinkolelo azihambisani nokunciphisa ukuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza noma ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu , azibonakali ukuthi zithinta kakhulu izinga lokunamathela kwezidakamizwa. Ucwaningo oluvela eHarvard Medical School lubonise ukuthi labo ababenokholo lwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi babengenakudlula kakhulu ukuthola ukunamathela okunamandla kunelabo abangakwenzi.
Embikweni wabo, abaphenyi baphetha ngokuthi:
"Ukusabalalisa kwezinto ezitholakala kulezi zifundo kanye nezinye izifundo ... akukwazi ukuxoshwa njengento engavamile noma eyedlulele. Izinkolelo ezinjalo zingabamba iqhaza ekunciphiseni isikhathi sokusinda (nokungafani okuqhubekayo) ngokudikibala ukuziphatha okufanele ukwelashwa."
Ukutholakala kwemiyalezo ye- HIV denialist kuqhubeka nokunciphisa imizamo yezempilo yomphakathi ngokuqinisekisa ukusola kwalabo abasengabaza kakade. Eziningi zazo zibhekiselele emiphakathini engozini, engozini (izizathu ezi-10 zokuthi kungani abantu abamnyama bangatholi ukuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza "ngeCredittis Cost), kanti abanye (njengoBryan Fischer we-American Family Association) basebenzisa amapulatifomu amakhulu abezindaba ukuze baqhubekele phambili izinkolelo zokuphikisana ezindala eziphikisiwe.
Imiphakathi yezinkolelo zokuzibandakanya nge-HIV
Izinkolelo zenkohlakalo azihlangene kuphela nokwesaba nokungabaza nge- HIV kodwa ngokuvamile zibonisa ukungaqiniseki abaningi abazizwayo kuhulumeni kanye neziphathimandla zezokwelapha ngokujwayelekile.
Ngokusho kocwaningo olwanyatheliswa kuyi- Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine , amaphesenti angama-49 abantu abangu-1,351 baseMelika ahlola umsolwa wokuthi i-HIV yenze isenzo sokuziqhenya esihloswe yi-US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Ucwaningo olwalubheka imibono yezokwelapha eziphathelene ne-HIV nezinye izifo, kwakuyingxenye yocwaningo olwenziwe nge-intanethi olwenziwe kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuSepthemba 2013.
Ukukhethwa kwabahlanganyeli kwakulinganiselwe ukumela kangcono inani labantu base-US ngobudala, iqembu lobuhlanga, inzuzo, kanye nobulili, kuyilapho imiphumela ihlotshaniswa ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ngabe izinkolelo zithinta kanjani indlela yokuziphatha komuntu noma uma kwenzeka.
Phakathi kokuthola:
- Amaphesenti angu-49 akholelwa ngokuqinile noma abuze ukuthi i-CIA ingenele ngamabomu inani elikhulu labantu base-Afrika baseMelika ngaphansi kokugonywa kwezigciwane ze-hepatitis.
- Amaphesenti angu-60 akholelwa ngokuqinile noma abuze ukuthi uhulumeni uyazi kahle ukuthi amafoni angabangela umdlavuza, kodwa akenzi lutho ngakho.
- Amaphesenti angu-56 akholelwa ngokuqinile noma abuze ukuthi ngabe uhulumeni nomphakathi wezokwelapha bafihla yini ukuthi imishanguzo yengane ibangela i-autism nezinye izifo ezingokwengqondo.
- Amaphesenti angu-58 akholelwa ngokuqinile noma abuze ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba jikelele kokudla okwenziwe nge-genetically modified kuyingxenye yelungu lomhlaba wonke lokunciphisa inani labantu emhlabeni.
- Amaphesenti angu-68 akholelwa ngokuqinile noma abuze ukuthi ngabe i-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ivimbela ngamabomu ukuphulukiswa kwemvelo nge-HIV , umdlavuza nezinye izifo ngenxa yokucindezelwa kwamakhamphani ezidakamizwa.
- Amaphesenti angu-53 akholelwa ngokuqinile noma abuze ukuthi ukushisa kwamanzi kuyindlela nje yokulahla imikhiqizo yezimayini ze-phosphate emvelweni.
Ngenkathi abanye bengase bamemezele ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zihlekisayo, umthelela walezi zinkolelo ekuziphatheni kwezempilo komuntu kungase kube yingozi noma yingozi.
Ngokusho kocwaningo, abantu abeseka izinkolelo zendlovuzi bavame ukuphindwa kasikhombisa ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa zamakhemikhali kunamalungu omphakathi jikelele. Ngokufanayo, kuphela abaqashi be-one-in-three kuphela abazuza ukuhlola okwenziwe ngonyaka ngonyaka uma kuqhathaniswa nengxenye cishe yabantu abadala baseMelika. Babencane kakhulu ukuthi basebenzise i-sunscreen futhi bajwayele ukugwema i-inoculations yamagciwane waminyaka yonke (into ebhekwa njengabalulekile kubantu abane-HIV).
Ngesikhathi lo mbiko ungahambisani nezinkolelo ze-HIV ekuhlolweni kwe-HIV noma ekwelapheni, ezinye iziphakamiso zishicilele ukuthi lezi zinkolelo zingase zibe yingxenye yezizathu ezingamaphesenti angu-20 aseMelika anegciwane lesandulela ngculazi namanje angatholakali futhi amaphesenti angu-25 kuphela alabo abathintekayo abatholakala . ekwazi ukufeza imithwalo engavumeleki yegciwane lengculaza , kucatshangwa ukuthi yimpumelelo yokwelapha.
I-HIV njengesijeziso sikaNkulunkulu
Ngaphandle kwempikiswano yokuhlolwa nokwelapha, abaningi emkhakheni wezempilo womphakathi bakhathazekile ngokuthi izinkolelo ezingavumelani zizofaka isandla ekwakhekeni kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi sekuvele zikhona emiphakathini eminingi. Ucwaningo oluqhutshwa yi-Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) lubonisa ukuthi ezinye izindawo eziya esontweni zingase zisengozini ikakhulukazi.
Ngokombiko, ngokugcwele amaphesenti angu-17 aseMelika ayakholelwa ukuthi i-HIV "isijeziso sikaNkulunkulu" ngokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili, echaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinga eliphezulu lokutheleleka kubantu abesilisa nabesifazane (MSM) .
Ucwaningo lwaqhubeka lwembula ukuthi abantu abathintekayo nezinhlangano ezithile zesonto babekhulu kakhulu ukugcina lezi zinkolelo kunabanye. Eqinisweni, cishe amaphesenti angu-25 amaProthestani abamhlophe abamhlophe namaphesenti angu-20 amaProthestani abamnyama asekela lezi zimangalo, kanye namaphesenti angu-21 e-Hispanic Catholics. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amaphesenti ayisikhombisa kuphela amaKatolika amhlophe namaphesenti angu-10 amaProthestani asemhlophe ahlukanisa le mibono, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili alabo abangenayo inhlangano yankolo.
Naphezu kwalezi zibalo, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi lezi zinkolelo zivame kakhulu kunokuba zibuyele emuva ngo-1992 lapho abantu abangamaphesenti angama-36 baseMelika bekholelwa ukuthi i-HIV ayiyona into engaphansi kwesigwebo sikaNkulunkulu.
Kodwa kubonakala sengathi inkolo iyingxenye yesithombe. Ngokwenhlolovo, ukuqedwa kwezinye izinkolelo zenkolo ezikhuni okwenze kakhudlwana okwenzile okuncane ukuqeda ukungahloniphi kwabantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi ngokujwayelekile. Eqinisweni, amaphesenti angama-65 amaMelika aseMelika asekholelwa ukuthi i-HIV yimbangela eqondile yokungabi nandaba ngokobulili, kuyilapho amaphesenti angu-25 kuphela engabaniki icala lokutheleleka nge-HIV.
Okungase kumangalise nakakhulu kwabanye ukuthi emazweni asathuthuka, lapho amazinga e-HIV avame ukuphakama izikhathi ezingu-1 000 kunase-US, lezi zinkolelo zenkohliso zivame kakhulu. Eqinisweni, kuphela abangu-41% kulabo abacwaningwayo bakholelwa ukuthi i-HIV ingumphumela wokuziphatha okungenakuziphendulela, kanti ama-48% akholelwa ukuthi akekho osola ukuthi unesandulela ngculaza.
Imithombo:
I-Ford, iC .; Wallace, S .; Newman, P .; et al. "Ukukholelwa ezindabeni eziphathelene nogciwane lesandulela ngculaza nokungazethembi kuhulumeni: ubudlelwane nokuhlolelwa i-HIV phakathi kwabantu abadala abadala abasengozini." I-Gerontologist. Disemba 2013; 53 (6): 973-984.
I-Bogart, L .; Galvan, F .; Wagner, G; et al. "I-Longitudinal Association ye-HIV Yokuziqhenya Ngokweqhinga Ngezocansi Ngengozi Yezocansi Phakathi Kwabesilisa Abomnyama Abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi." Ukuziphatha kwe-AIDS. Agasti 2011; 15 (6): 1180-1186.
I-Bogart, L .; Galvan, F .; Wagner, G; et al. "Izinkolelo Zenkohlakalo Nge-HIV Zihlobene Ne-Antiretroviral Treatment Ukunganaki phakathi kwama-American American Men with HIV." I-Journal ye-Immune Deficiency Deficiency Syndromes. April 2010; 53 (5): 648-655.
U-Oliver, J. kanye noThomas, T. "Izinkolelo Zezokwelapha Nezokwelapha E-United States." I-JAMA Imithi Yangaphakathi. May 2014; 174 (5): 817-818.
I-Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI). "Inhlolovo | Indawo Yokuguquguquka: Iminyaka Eyishumi Yezinguquko Ezimweni ZamaMelika Ngomshado WamaShayina Nama-LGBT." Washington, DC; Ngo-February 26, 2014.