Iminikelo Yamukelwa Uma Ungenabo Ubulili Ngonyaka ... noma Thola Tattoo?
Ngo-Disemba 22, 2015, i-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ivuselele ngokusemthethweni inqubomgomo eneminyaka engamashumi amane evimbela amadoda angama-gay ekwenzeni izimali zegazi ngenxa yalokho abakubhekwa njengengozi enkulu yokudlulisela i-HIV .
Emihlahlandleleni yabo ebuyekeziwe, i-FDA iphaneli ivumela manje amadoda angama-gay angakaze abe nobulili ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule ukuze banikeze, okushiwo ukuthi kuqinisekiswa ngokugcwalisa i-questionnaire esayiniwe.
Wonke amanye amadoda angama-gay, kuhlanganise nalawo asebenzise ikhondomu njalo , azoqhubeka nokuvinjelwa.
Nakuba abanye bekubonile ukuthi lokhu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuphakamisa inqubomgomo eneminyaka engu-32 ubudala, izishoshovu eziningi kanye neziphathimandla zezokwelapha ziye zamemezela ukuthi lesi sinqumo sesikhathi esidlule futhi sinobandlululo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi ingozi ye-HIV ihlolwe ku-case-by- icala lesisekelo sobulili obufanayo.
Lapho bebuzwa ngalokhu ukungafani ngoJanuwari, i-FDA iphendule ngokusho ukuthi kuyoba "imithwalo enzima kwizikhungo zokunikela ngegazi futhi ingase ibe yinto ehlaselayo kubaxhasi" uma kwenziwa ukuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye, ngenkathi ephikisana "kwakungekho ubufakazi obanele" bokuthi kuncishiswe ukunciphisa yesikhathi eside sokulinda unyaka wonke.
Phakathi kwabahlaziyi besikhathi eside be-policy, i-American Medical Association, i-Red Cross, i-American Association of Blood Banks, i-American Association of Osteopaths, i-New York City Council kanye neKomiti YezobuJungiswa Zomhlangano eCalifornia baye bacela ukuba kuphele ukuvinjelwa ngesikhathi lapho inani elikhulayo lamazwe-kuhlanganise iSpain, iPortugal, i-Italy neSouth Africa-liphakamise ukuvinjelwa kwazo ngokuphelele.
Umlando we-US Gay Blood Ban
Ngo-1983, i-FDA yancoma ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu oye walala nowomunye umuntu kusukela ngo-1977 uvinjelwe ekunikezeni igazi impilo yonke. Le nqubomgomo yasungulwa ngesikhathi kungekho ukwelashwa noma izindlela zokuhlolelwa i-HIV . (Kwaphela ngo-1985, eqinisweni, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwe-HIV kwavunyelwa i-FDA futhi kuze kube ngu-1987 ukuthi imithi yokuqala ye-antiretroviral, i- AZT , ithole imvume.)
Ngokuqinisekile ngaleso sikhathi, ngamadoda angama-gay ahlanganisa iningi lamacala e-HIV, abaningi emphakathini babe nokungabaza okujulile ngokuqondene nokuhlolwa kwe-HIV lapho behlola igazi. Lezi zinkwesaba zazivame kakhulu uma uRyan White , osemusha wase-Indiana, evinjelwe ukuba angene esikoleni somphakathi ngo-1985 ngemuva kokutholakala ukuthi wathola i- HIV ekumpomeni igazi .
Ngo-1990, i-FDA nayo yenza isinqumo sokuvimbela amaHaiti-futhi ahlaselwa kanzima ngenxa yesifo sokuqala-ephikisana ngokuthi njengoba i-HIV isakazwa ngokubambisana ngokobulili ngokobulili phakathi kwabantu, kungaba nzima ukuba babone abantu abengozi kakhulu. Lokho kuvinjelwe kwaphakanyiswa ngaphasi konyaka olandela imibhikisho evuthayo evela kwabashaqashi abangu-50 000 eNew York City.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990, emva kokufika kwe- antiretroviral therapy kanye nokwethulwa kokuhlolwa kwesandulela-ngculaza esisha , abagxekayo baqala ukungaqiniseki ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwaba ngowokuqala lapho ngo-1995 umngcingo wokuthola igciwane lesandulela ngculazi ekumpontshelwa igazi kwaba cishe ngamacala angu-600 000 . Ngonyaka ka-2003, leyo ngozi yayibonakala ibe yi-1 ku-1.8 million.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2003, kuphela abantu baseMelika abathathu abalelwa ku-2.5 million abamukeli begazi abaqinisekisile ukuthi bathole i-HIV ngokumpontshelwa kwegazi ngemuva kokuhlola okungalungile kwe- HIV.
Izimpendulo Nokubhekana NeGay Blood Ban
Kuze kube manje, amazwe amaningi kakhulu anezinqubomgomo ezifana ne-US, kuhlanganise ne-Argentina, i-Australia, iBrazil, Japan, Sweden ne-United Kingdom. Abanye abaningi baye balondoloza izidakamizwa ezingapheli, phakathi kwabo eBelgium, eDenmark, eFrance, eGrisi naseJalimane.
Abasekeli be-FDA inqubomgomo (kuhlanganise noMnyango WezeMpilo WezeMpilo waseMelika, owafakazela ngokuvumelana nonyaka ukuthi unyaka owodwa) uveza amazinga aphezulu a-HIV phakathi kwabantu abesilisa nabesifazane abesilisa nabesilisa abashadile base-US, abantu ababalelwa ku-63% kuzo zonke izifo ezintsha ngonyaka.
Ngesikhathi bevuma lezi zibalo, abaphikisi baye babala ukuthi amadoda angama-gay nabesilisa nabesifazane, kuhlanganise nalabo abathola i-HIV ngokufaka injini yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa, abamele okungaphezu kwesigamu (57%) wabantu baseMelika abayizigidi ezingu-1.1 abanesandulela ngculazi, okwenqabela ukuvinjelwa kwe-gay konke ukuhlwanyiswa nokungaqondakali.
Baqhubeka bekhomba ukungalingani kwesigwebo se-FDA, bebuza ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa konyaka owodwa-okuqinisekisiwe nge-questionnaire elula-kunganikeza isibonakaliso esicacile uma kuqhathaniswa na, uthi, indoda engumama-gay ehlala ebuhlotsheni obuzinikele, obunomuntu oyedwa? Ingabe lokhu kusikisela ukuthi amadoda angama-gay angamanga ngandlela-thile ukuba aqambe amanga ngemisebenzi yabo yezocansi kunezingqingili?
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincomo ukuthi amadoda angama-gay nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abavinjelwe ukuvinjelwa uma bebe nomdwebo, indlebe noma ukubhoboza umzimba ngonyaka odlule-okubonisa ukuthi leyo misebenzi ibe nenengozi efanayo engozini njengobulili-ihlehlisiwe cishe yonke indawo. Naphezu kweengozi ye-theoretic (noma engenamkhawulo), akuzange kube khona icala elilodwa elibikiwe lokudluliselwa nganoma iyiphi yalezi zindlela, ngokusho kwedatha evela kumaCenter for Disease Control and Prevention.
Sekuyisikhathi eside amaqembu ezinkambiso zamalungelo abantu aphikisana ngokuthi inqubomgomo ye-FDA ibeka ukugcizelela kokungena engozini hhayi kakhulu ekuziphatheni ngokocansi njengoba kuhloswe ngokobulili. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kuphakamisa ukuthi amadoda angama-gay, njengabantu ngabanye, akwazi ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini engozini kakhulu , okwenza ukuhlolwa kwecala kube ngukuthi kunesidingo esincane kunazo zonke izihlobo zobungqingili.
Abanye, okwamanje, babuze ukuthi ngabe ukunconywa kwe-FDA empeleni kukuphumula kwenqubomgomo noma nje enye indlela yokwenza umsebenzi wokuvimbela isikhathi sokuphila ngoba nje indoda yongqingili iyasebenza ngokocansi.
Ngesikhathi izikhulu ze-FDA zibala ukuthi izidakamizwa ezithinta izidakamizwa noma ukulala nobulili nabasebenzi bezocansi zentengiso nazo zingaphansi kwesigwebo sonyaka owodwa, awekho kula maqembu adingeka ukuthi ahlale engenzi lutho ngalesi sikhathi.
Imithombo
I-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Izincomo Ezibuyekeziwe Zokunciphisa Ingozi Yokudluliswa Kwama-Virus Transfer Transmission ngegazi neMikhiqizo yegazi: Imibuzo nezimpendulo." I-Silver Spring, e-Maryland.
I-FDA. "Isitatimende sikaMengameli we-FDA sikaMargaret A. Hamburg enkulumweni ye-FDA yokuxoshwa kwegazi kwabesilisa abalala namadoda." I-Silver Spring, e-Maryland; Isitatimende se-FDA sikhishwe ngoDisemba 23, 2014.
I-FDA. "Imibuzo mayelana nenqubomgomo ye-FDA." I-Silver Spring, e-Maryland. .
I-Schreiber, G.; Busch, M .; UKleinman, uS .; et al. "Ingozi yokutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi." I-Retrovirus Epidemiology Isifundo Somnikeli. " I-New England Journal of Medicine . Juni 27, 1996; 334 (26): 1685-1690.
I-Cosgrove-Mather, B. "Igazi eligcotshwa yi-HIV lithinta ababili eFlorida." Izindaba ze-CBS; enyatheliswa ngoJuni 19, 2002.