Kukhona izivivinyo eziningi nezinqubo ezingasetshenziselwa ukuxilonga umdlavuza we-ovarian, kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwe-pelvic; ukuhlola izithombe, njenge-ultrasound yangaphandle, i-CT, i-MRI, noma i-PET scan; nokuhlolwa kwegazi, njenge-CA-125. Ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa, i-biopsy ivame ukudingeka ukuthi bobabili baqinisekise ukuthi inqwaba iyingozi (umdlavuza) futhi ihloniphe uhlobo nesigcawu sesifo.
Uma kutholakala ukuxilongwa, le miphumela kanye nokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kusetshenziselwa ukucacisa isigaba sesifo, esizosiza ekutholeni inkambo yokwelashwa engcono kakhulu.
Ukuhlola Ukuhlola / Ukuhlolwa Kwekhaya
Ngeshwa, azikho ukuzihlola komdlavuza we-ovarian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwe-genetic at home akukwazi nakanjani ukubeka ingozi yakho yokuthuthukisa lesi sifo. Kubalulekile ukuba bonke abesifazane bajwayelane nezibonakaliso nezimpawu futhi bakhulume nodokotela babo uma banezinkinga zokugula.
Ukuhlolwa Kwemvelo
Ayikho imihlahlandlela yokuhlola yomdlavuza we-ovarian. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwesivikelo somzimba esenziwe ngumhlengikazi wakho (noma okuqhutshwa ngenxa yobuningi bezimpawu) kungase kutholakale isisindo esifundeni se-ovary yakho, okuthiwa yi-adnexal mass. Noma kunjalo, lesi sheke sinemikhawulo.
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa nge-bimanually ngesandla esisodwa esiswini sakho futhi esisodwa esiswini sakho. Njengoba udokotela ezwa nge-ovary yakho ngaphansi kwezicubu ezinamafutha, ukuhlolwa akunembile kakhulu ekuboneni ubukhulu kubantu abakhuluphele kakhulu noma abakhuluphele kakhulu.
Ngisho nabesifazane abancanyana, ukuhlolwa kwe-pelvic kungabikho kalula izicubu ezincane zama-ovarian.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi i-Pap smear yedwa (ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwe-bimanual), kuyilapho kuyasiza ekutholeni umdlavuza wesibeletho, akusizi kakhulu ekutholeni umdlavuza we-ovarian.
Ukucabanga
Ukuhlola ukuhlolwa kuyadingeka kokubili ukuthola amantombazane amancane ama-ovarian nokuqhubeka nokuqonda izixuku ezingazizwa ekuhlolweni.
Izinketho zihlanganisa:
I-Ultrasound e-Transvaginal
I-ultrasound ye-pelvic wuhlolo olusebenzisa amagagasi omsindo ukudala isithombe sezitho zomzimba. Ngokuvamile uhlolo lokuqala olwenzelwe ukuhlola ubuningi bama-ovarian futhi abuvezi abantu emisebeni. Inqubo ingenziwa noma isisu (i-probe ifakwe ngaphezulu kwesikhumba sakho) noma i-transvaginally (i-probe ifakwa ngaphakathi kwesiswini ukuze usondele eduze kwe-ovary). Kodwa-ke, okwakunjalo akuyona into efana neyokugcina ekuchazeni izixuku ze-ovari, ikakhulukazi lezo ezincane.
I-ultrasound inganikeza ukulinganisa ubukhulu besisindo, futhi sinqume ukuthi i-cyst elula, i-cyst eyinkimbinkimbi, noma iqinile. Ama-cysts ajwayelekile ajwayelekile. I-cyst eyinkimbinkimbi ingaba yinhlonipho, kodwa iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuba nomdlavuza uma iqukethe ama-nodules noma ama-excrescences (ukukhula okungavamile). I-ultrasound ingabuye ibheke uketshezi kwamahhala ekhanda, into evame ukubonwa ngezicubu eziphambili kakhulu.
Isisu kanye / noma i-Pelvic CT Scan
I-CT scan isebenzisa uchungechunge lwe-X-ray ukudala isithombe sesisu noma isikhumba. Kungasetshenziselwa ukusiza ekuxilongweni, kodwa kuvame ukusetshenziselwa umdlavuza wesiteji. Kuyinto evivinyayo ukuhlola ama-lymph nodes, amathumbu, isibindi namaphaphu (esifubeni CT scan) kunoma yibuphi ubufakazi bokuthi umdlavuza usakazekile.
Imigomo ongayibona embikweni wakho ihlanganisa ascites (ukwakhiwa kwamanzi emzimbeni); izidakamizwa (izindawo zokusabalala); i-carcinomatosis (izindawo ezisakazeke ze-tumor); ikhekhe le-omental (ukuqina kwe-omentum, umchamo ocolekileyo ophezu kwezitho zangasese); amafutha okugcoba (ukuvuvukala emathisini amathumbu omzimba); kanye ne-effusion (ukwakhiwa kwamanzi). Futhi, ama- lymph nodes angachazwa njengenwetshiwe. I-lymph nodes ekhulisiwe ivame ukukhudlwana kune-2 cm (ubude obuyi-1 intshi) ububanzi futhi ingaba nezindawo ze-necrosis ephakathi (ukufa kweseli) uma umdlavuza ukhona.
I-MRI
I- MRI (imaging magnontic resonance) ingasetshenziswa ngendlela efana ne-CT scan kodwa ayibandakanyi imisebe, okwenza kube ukuhlolwa okuphephile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
I-MRI ivame ukuba ngcono kune-CT ekuchazeni okungajwayelekile kwezicubu futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukucacisa ukutholakala kwezinye izivivinyo.
I-PET Scan
Ngenkathi i-CT, i-MRI, ne-ultrasound kuyi-test imaging (imaging for physical anomensities), ukuhlolwa kwe- PET kuyinto test function, okuyinto isilinganiso umsebenzi. Lokhu kuhlolwa okubucayi kubheka ubufakazi bokuthola amandla okusabalalisa (noma ukusabalalisa) noma kuphi emzimbeni futhi kuyasiza ekubandlululeni phakathi kwezicubu ezincane kanye nomdlavuza.
Ngesisindo se-PET, inani elincane le-ushukela omsakazo lujojowe egazini. Ukuskena kwenziwa emva kokuba ushukela ube nesikhathi sokubanjwa ngamaseli. Amaseli amaningi akhulayo, njengamaseli omdlavuza, azokhanyisa kulo mfanekiso, ngokuvamile ohlangene no-CT.
Ama-Labs nezivivinyo
Ngaphandle kokucwaninga okucabangela nokuhlolwa, umsebenzi wegazi usuqedile ukufuna ubufakazi bokuthi okungavamile okutholakala ekuhlolweni kanye / noma ekucabangeni kungumdlavuza noma cha. Uvivinyo lungabandakanya:
Igazi Lisebenzela Ukutholwa Kwezimpawu Zokumnyama
Ukuhlolwa kwegazi okunye kungathola amaprotheni awaziwa njengama-tumor markers. Ezinye zazo zikhiqizwa ngamaseli avamile futhi anomdlavuza we-ovarian, ngakho-ke umdlavuza we-ovarian uboniswa uma inani elikhona egazini liphakeme kunalesivamile. Ezinye izimpawu ze-tumor zikhiqizwa kuphela ngamangqamuzana e-ovarian abe nomdlavuza futhi awabonakali kubantu abangenayo umdlavuza we-ovarian, ngakho ukuba khona kwabo yedwa kuyisibonakaliso sesi sifo.
Ukubona lezi zimpawu ze-tumor kusampula yegazi akusona indlela ephumelelayo yokuhlola umdlavuza we-ovarian, kodwa kungasiza ekutholeni ukuxilongwa nokulandela impendulo yalezi zomshukela ekwelapheni.
- I-CA-125: I- CA-125 iyisivivinyo esivame ukwenziwa lapho kunokukhathazeka mayelana nomdlavuza we-ovarian. Ngenkathi izinga liphakeme emaphesenti amakhulu e-tumorous epithelial ovarian, kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani leli zinga lingenakuphakanyiswa (ukungalungi okungamanga) nezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani kungaba phezulu ngaphandle komdlavuza we-ovarian okwamanje (amaphutha amanga). Ezinye izimo eziningana ezingakhuphula i-CA-125 zibandakanya ukukhulelwa, i-polycystic ovarian syndrome, isifo sofuba sokuvuvukala, isifo sofuba, i-cirrhosis ne-lupus.
Ngomdlavuza we-ovarian, i-CA-125 ingaphezulu kakhulu yokuphakanyiswa kwe-serous ne-endometrioid subtypes. Nakuba kunezimbangela eziningi ezingabangela umphumela omubi, umphumela ophakeme kakhulu (njenge-CA-125 ngaphezu kuka-1000) ukwandisa amathuba okuthi umdlavuza we-ovarie uyisifo. Izinga le-CA-125 ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa lingasiza nokubikezela ukubikezela. - I-epididymis protein 4 (HE4): HE4 ingase ibe usizo lapho ihlanganiswa ne-CA-125 futhi kungenzeka ukuthi iphakanyiswe ngamagciwane e-serous ne-endometrioid epithelial ovarian. Lokhu kuhlolwa akusizi kangako kwabesifazane abasebasha, ngenxa yohlobo lwe-ovarian cancers olutholakala njalo kubesifazane besandulela.
- I-CA 72-4: I- CA 72-4 ingaphakanyiswa eminye eminingana (ngokuvamile izimo zokugaya) kanye nezinga ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa kungasiza ukubikezela ukubikezelwa kwabanye abantu.
- I-CA-19-9: Lesi sikhala se-tumor sivame kakhulu emathunjini omzimba we-mucinous epithelial ovarian.
- I-CEA (i-carcinoembryonic antigen): I- CEA iyi-marker engeyona ecacile futhi ingaphakanyiswa kwamanye amanyevuza, kanye nezimo zomzimba.
- I-Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ne-gonadotropin ye-chorionic yabantu (i-HCG): Abantu bajwayele i-HCG ukuthi bawumthombo wokuhlolwa okukhulelwe okuqondile, kanti i-AFP ihlolwe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kodwa zombili lezi zimakethe zingakhuphuka emathunjini e-germ cell.
- I-Estradiol ne-inhibin: Kokubili i-estradiol ne-inhibin kungenzeka ukuthi iphakanyiswe emantombazaneni noma kwabesifazane abanesisu socansi-stromal noma izifo ze-germ cell, nge-inhibin evame ukufihlwa yi-granulosa cell tumors kulabo abasha abancane (uhlobo lwesisu esibizayo).
Ezinye izivivinyo zegazi
Ezinye izivivinyo zegazi ezingasiza ekwenzeni ukuxilongwa zihlanganisa inani eliphelele legazi (CBC), i-LDH, i-alkaline phosphatase, nesilinganiso sed noma i-C-reactive protein test (ebheka ukuvuvukala).
Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi inhlanganisela ye- red cells cell indices , eyaziwa ngokuthi ububanzi be-distribution cell cell (RDW), futhi umthamo weplatelet (MPV) ungase ube usizo ekubikezelweni ukuthi iziphi izicubu zomzimba zinesifo somdlavuza futhi ezingekho. (I-RDW ivame ukuphakama futhi i-MPV iphinde ibe nomdlavuza we-ovarian.)
I-Ovarian Risk Index
Izingozi eziningana zokuhlukumezeka kwezimboni zibheke ekuhlanganyeleni kokuthola okuhlolwayo nokucabangela ukubikezela ukuthi ingabe inkinga ingaba ngumdlavuza we-ovari futhi uma kudingeka i-biopsy. Yize lezi zingase zibe usizo, izinyathelo zomgomo zokulinganisa ingozi ziyiqiniso kakhulu uma zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola okuzithobayo kochwepheshe, oncologist onjalo wegazi.
I-Biopsy Yokuhlinza
I-biopsy ye-lesion esolisayo ivame ukwenza ngokuhlinzwa. Ngezinye izikhathi, i-biopsy yenaliti (lapho inaliti ifakwa khona esikhumbeni) ingacatshangwa, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi uma umdlavuza we-ovariya ukhona, lokhu kungabangela ukuthi yini eyaziwa njenge-seeding (ukusakazwa kwesisu).
I-biopsy yokuhlinzwa ingenziwa noma i-laparoscopy, ukuhlinzekwa okuncane lapho kwenziwa khona izimbalwa ezincane esiswini kanye nesiphakamiso esinekhamera nezinsimbi ezifakiwe, noma i-laparotomy, lapho ukukhishwa kwendabuko kwenziwe khona esiswini. I-biopsy (isampula) ithathwe futhi ithunyelwe kumuntu wezokwelapha ukuthola ukuthi ingumdlavuza, futhi uma kunjalo, uhlobo.
Uma unesifo se-biopsy, udokotela wezokwelapha uzobheka isampula njengemikhakha ebuyisiwe futhi efriziwe ukuze aphinde aveze lesi sifo. Embikweni wakho, isampula izochazwa ngokuthi iyinhlamba (engeyona umdlavuza) noma iyingozi (engeyona umdlavuza). Bheka ngezansi ukuthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa ekuhloleni imibiko ye-pathology emva kokuhlinzwa komdlavuza we-ovarian.
Ukuhlonza okuhlukile
Isisindo esivela esifundeni se-ovary ne-fallopian tube ekuhlolweni noma ekuhlolweni kwe-imaging kubhekiswa njengobuningi be- adnexal . Izimbalwa ezimbalwa ezikhona (kuneziningi) zingabandakanya lokhu okulandelayo, okungase kubhekwe konke ngokungeziwe kumdlavuza we-ovarian:
- Ama-cysts e-Ovarian: Ama-cysts e-ovariya avamile kakhulu, kepha ngokuvamile angahlukaniswa nezixuku eziqinile noma ama-cysts aqinile kwi-ultrasound
- Izifo ezivuvukala ngama-pelvic (PID): Nge-PID, i-abscess ingase ibangele eyenza ukuba ubukhulu buzwakale noma bubonwe.
- I-Endometriosis: I- Endometriosis yisimo lapho izicubu ze-uterine zikhula ngaphandle kwesibeletho.
- Izifo ezibangelwa yi-Benign ovarian: Ngokuvamile, izicubu ezitholakala kubesifazane besandulela-mkhuba zingase zibe nenhlonipho ngenkathi labo abatholakala kubesifazane besimo se-postmenopausal cishe beba yingozi.
- I-Polycystic ovarian syndrome (i-PCOS): I- PCOS yinto evamile lapho abesifazane behlakulela khona ama-cyst amaningi kuma-ovari.
- I-Corpus luteal cyst: Akuvamile ukuthi abesifazane bahlakulele i-corpus luteum cyst ekukhulelwe.
- Ukukhulelwa kwe-Ectopic (tubal): Ukukhulelwa kweT Tubal kungabangela ukutholakala okufana nomdlavuza we-ovarian, futhi uma kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, abesifazane ngezinye izikhathi abazi ukuthi bakhulelwe.
- Ukuvuthwa kwe-Ovarian : Lokhu kungabangela ukuvuvukala nokuphuma kwegazi futhi kungase kwenzeke ngokwakho noma kwesibili kuya kwe-ovarian tumor.
- Iphofu lokufaka isicelo : Uma isithasiselo sihlukana, singabangela i-abscess eduze nesifunda se-ovary esifanele.
- Izinso ze-pelvic: Lesi simo sihilela izinso ezisele esikhwameni ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komntwana futhi zingabonakala kuqala njengesisindo esikhwameni.
Izivivinyo zokuhlaziya
Uma ukuxilongwa komdlavuza we-ovarian kwenziwa, isinyathelo esilandelayo sibeka isisu. Olunye ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe isiteji lungabuthwa kusuka ekuhlolweni kwe-imaging kanye ne-biopsy, kodwa ngokuvamile ukuhlinzeka (ukukhipha ama-ovari kanye nezicubu eziningi ezengeziwe) kuyadingeka ukuze kulungiswe kahle umdlavuza. Ukuqaphela isiteleka somdlavuza kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinketho zokwelashwa ezingcono kakhulu.
Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, udokotela wakho ohlinzayo uzothumela noma yiziphi izicubu ezasuswe kumuntu wezokwelapha. Lokhu kungabandakanya ama-ovari, ama-tubespian tubes, isisu, nezicubu nama-biopsies athathwa kwezinye izifunda zesisu sakho. Ngaphansi kwe-microscope, uzoqinisekisa ukuthi uyatholakala yini umdlavuza we-ovari futhi uphinde ubone ukuthi yiziphi amasampula aqukethe amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
Kokubili ukuhlola nokuhlola okucubungulayo kungasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi umdlavuza usakaze yini kuma-lymph nodes noma kwezinye izifunda zomzimba. Ukuze uthole amakhemikhali e-ovarian asezingeni eliphakeme, ama-biopsies ngokuvamile athathwa ema-lymph nodes, i-omentum (i-fatty, i-carpet efana nesakhiwo esiphezulu kwamathumbu), futhi ngokuvamile izindawo eziningana ze-peritoneum (i-membrane eqondisa isisu somzimba). Udokotela ohlinzayo uzosusa noma enze inothi kwanoma yimaphi ama-nodules abukeka asolisayo noma ezinye izixuku. Uma umdlavuza wawuyi-mucinous, isithasiselo sizosuswa.
Ukuhlanza kungenziwa futhi, lapho udokotela ohlinzayo ejoza u-saline esiswini bese ehoxisa umkhuhlane ukuze afune ubufakazi bamangqamuzana omdlavuza.
Okutholakele okusiza ukuthola isiteji kufaka:
Thayipha kanye ne-subtype: Ukwazi uhlobo kanye ne-subtype yomdlavuza we-ovari anganikeza ulwazi ngokuhlukumezeka okulindelekile kwe-tumor nokuthi ngabe iyashesha noma ikhula kancane.
Ibanga le-Tumor: Lesi yisilinganiso sokuhlukunyezwa kwesisu. Ngomdlavuza we-endometrioid ovarian, amagciwane anganikwa ibanga eliphakathi kwe-1 no-3:
- Ibanga 1: Amaseli ajwayelekile ajwayelekile (ahlukaniswe) futhi athambekele ekunciphiseni.
- Ibanga lesi-2: Amaseli awela phakathi kokuhlukaniswa okungenhla nangaphansi.
- Ibanga lesi-3: Amaseli abukeka angavamile (angenzi lutho) futhi athambekele ekubeni nobudlova.
Ama-tumorous serous anikezwa kokubili kokulinganisa esikhundleni: ibanga eliphansi noma ibanga eliphezulu.
Izigaba
Umdlavuza we-ovariya uhlelwe ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezilula noma ezigcwele ze-FIGO. Ukuthola kungabuye kuchazwe njengomdlavuza we-ovarian umngcele. Yize ngezansi ikakhulukazi zikhathaza udokotela wakho, kungase kube usizo njengoba usebenza ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinketho zokwelapha ezingakulungele wena.
I-Borderline i-Ovarian Cancer
Amagciwane e-ovarian e-Borderline yilawo angase abe namandla aphansi kakhulu. Lezi zivunguvungu zivame ukuqala emuva kokuhlinzwa. Lezi zinambuzane zinganikezwa isiteji uma udokotela wakho ohlinzayo engaqiniseki ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa noma umdlavuza wezinga eliphezulu uphakathi, noma uma kubonakala sengathi kwasabalalisa isisu.
Isitatimende esilula
Ukuze uthole isithombe esibanzi sokwehluka phakathi kwezinyathelo, lezi zingahle ziphulwe zibe yi:
- Isigaba 1: Umdlavuza uvalwe ovary.
- Isigaba sesi-2: Isisu sesisakaze ezithombeni zomzimba (njengezibeletho zesibindi nesigqila), kodwa hhayi ezithombeni zesisu.
- Isigaba sesi-3: Isisu sesisetshenziselwe izitho zangasese (isibonelo, isibindi sesibindi noma isilonda) noma amantombazane amancane (amantombazane ensiva noma amathumbu).
- Isigaba sesi-4: Isidumbu sisakaze ezindaweni ezikude, njengamapayipi, isibindi (ngaphakathi hhayi nje kuphela), ubuchopho, noma ama-lymph nodes okude.
- Okuvamile: Umdlavuza we-ovarian ophindaphindiwe ubhekisela emangqamuzaneni abuyele ngesikhathi noma ngemuva kokwelashwa. Uma umdlavuza ubuya ezinyangeni ezintathu zokuqala, ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokuqhubekela phambili kunokuphindaphindiwe.
Ukulinganisa okugcwele kwe-FIGO
I-FIGO egcwele, ebizwa ngokuthi i-International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, isistimu yokuphawula okusebenzisa izibalo zamaRoma ngezigaba (ukulinganisa ukubikezela) kanye nezinhlamvu zezigaba (yiziphi izinketho zokwelapha zokusiza).
- Isigaba IA: Umdlavuza unomkhawulo ovary owodwa futhi i-capsule yangaphandle ye-ovari ayiphunduliwe. Ayikho isisu emkhathini wangaphandle we-ovary futhi akukho ama-ascites kanye / noma ukugeza kungalungile.
- Isiteji IB: Umdlavuza ukhona kokubili ama-ovari, kepha i-capsule yangaphandle iyanamathele futhi ayikho isisu emkhathini wangaphandle. Awekho ama-ascites futhi ukugeza akubi.
- Isigaba IC: Umdlavuza ungamazinga we-IA noma i-IB, kodwa i-capsule iphihliwe, kukhona isisu endaweni yomkhiqizo ovunguvungu, noma amaseli amabi akhona kuma-ascites noma ukugeza.
- Isigaba IIA: Umdlavuza uhilela owodwa noma womabili ama-ovari futhi uye wanda egumbini lesibeletho kanye / noma ematheni. Ukugeza kungukugezwa okungalungile futhi akukho ama-ascites.
- Isigaba IIB: Umdlavuza uhilela eyodwa noma kokubili ama-ovari futhi uye wenyuka kwezinye izicubu ze-pelvic ngaphesheya kwesibeletho kanye ne-tube fallopian. Ukugeza kungalungile futhi akukho ama-ascites.
- I-Stage IIC: Umdlavuza uhilela oyedwa noma womabili ama-ovari futhi uye wafinyelela ezintanjeni zesikhumba njenge-Stage IIA noma i-IIB, kodwa ngokuhlanza kwe-pelvic emihle.
- Isiteji IIIA: I- Cancer isakazelele kuma-lymph nodes. Lesi sifo sinesisindo esibi kakhulu (esweni elingenalutho) esivinjelwe esikhwameni kodwa nge-microscope peritoneal metastases (isakazwa sibonakala ngaphansi kwe-microscope) ngaphesheya kwesikhumba kuya ezindaweni zomzimba zangasese noma i-omentum. I-omentum iyisakhiwo esinamafutha esisuka emathunjini nezinye izitho zangasese.
- Isigaba IIIB: I- Cancer iye yasakazeka kuma-lymph nodes. Lesi sigaba sifana nesigaba se-IIIA, kodwa ngokusabalalisa okukhulu (okusakazwa okungabonwa ngokubonakalayo) ku-peritoneum noma i-omentum. Ngalesi sigaba, izindawo zomdlavuza eziye zasakazeka zingaphansi kwezingu-2 cm (kancane kancane kunama intshi) ngobukhulu.
- Isigaba IIIC: I- Cancer iye yasakazeka kuma-lymph nodes. Lesi sigaba sifana nesigaba se-IIIA, kodwa nge-peritoneal noma omental metastases (isakazwa) ngaphesheya kwesikhumba kanye nezindawo ezingaphezu kwamamitha amabili ububanzi obungamamitha angu-2 ububanzi, noma zisakazeka kuma-lymph nodes ku-groin (i-inguinal nodes) , isikhumba (ama-nodes), noma para-aortic (para-aortic nodes).
- Isigaba IV: Umdlavuza usakaze emzimbeni wesibindi noma ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwesisu esisodwa (i-peritoneal cavity) ezindaweni ezifana nesifuba noma ubuchopho.
> Imithombo:
> Society of American of Clinical Oncology. I-Ovarian, i-Fallopian, ne-Peritoneal Cancer: Izigaba namaBanga. I-Cancer.Net. Kubuyekeziwe ngo-08/16. https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/ovarian-fallopian-tube-and-peritoneal-cancer/stages-and-grades
> Henderson, J., Webber, E., noG. Sawaya. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Cancer ka-Ovarian: Umbiko Wokufakaza Obufakazi Nokubuyekeza Okuhlelekile kwe-US Preventive Services Task Force. I-JAMA . 2018. 319 (6): 595-606.
> National Cancer Institute. I-Ovarian Epithelial, I-Tube yama-Fallopian, ne-Primary Peritoneal Cancer Treatment (PDQ) -Health Professional Version. Kubuyekezwe 01/19/18. https://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/hp/ovarian-epithelial-treatment-pdq
> Qin, Y., Wu, Y., Xian, X. et al. Ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kanye okuhlanganisiwe kwe-Red Cell Distribution Width, ivolumu yePlatelet ephakathi, ne-Cancer Antigen 125 yokuthola ukuhlukana okuhlukile kwe-Ovarian Cancer kanye ne-Benign Ovarian Tumors. I-Journal ye-Ovarian Research . 2018. 11 (1): 10.
> Soletormos, G., Duffy, M., Othman, S. et al. Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithi Yomdlavuza Emdlalweni We-Cancer Epithelial: Imihlahlandlela Ebuyekezwayo Evela Eqembu LaseYurophu Lama-Markor Tumor. I-International Journal ye-Gynecological Cancer . 2016. 26 (1): 43-51.