Izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwe- Lupus zihambisana nezidingo zakho ngabanye futhi zingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ububanzi nokuphumelela kokwelashwa kwe-lupus kuye kwanda, kunika odokotela ukhetho oluthe xaxa endleleni yokuphatha lesi sifo lapho kutholakala khona futhi emva kwalokho. Imithi ye-prescription njengezidakamizwa zokuzivivinya nokuzivikela, phakathi kwezinye izinketho, ingasetshenziswa.
Kubalulekile ukuthi usebenze eduze nodokotela wakho futhi uthathe indima ephathekayo ekulawuleni isifo sakho, ubuyekeze kabusha uhlelo lwakho lwezokwelapha njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi liphumelela ngangokunokwenzeka.
Uma ngabe i-lupus ifunyenwe, udokotela wakho uzokwakha uhlelo lokuphulukisa ngenxa yakho yobudala, ubulili, impilo, izimpawu, nendlela yokuphila. Ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lwakho lwezokwelapha, udokotela wakho unemigomo eminingi:
- Ncipha ukuvuvukala okubangelwa yisifo
- Gwema ukukhubazeka kwamasosha omzimba okuphethwe ukuvuvukala kwezicubu
- Vimbela ama-flare futhi uwaphathe uma kwenzeka
- Izimpawu zokulawula
- Nciphisa izinkinga
Imigomo
Imithi ye-prescription iyisici esibalulekile sokuphathwa kweziguli eziningi ezine-sstemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), uhlobo oluyinhloko lwe-lupus. Kukhona izinketho eziningi zezidakamizwa ezitholakalayo, okwandise amathuba okuthola ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo nemiphumela emihle yeziguli.
Ukwelashwa kwe-Lupus kumele kufake imithi embalwa ngangokunokwenzeka njengesikhathi esifushane ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ezinye iziguli azidingi imithi, kanti abanye bayithatha kuphela uma kudingeka noma ngezikhathi ezincane, kodwa eziningi zidinga ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo ngezilinganiso eziguquguqukayo. Naphezu kosizo lwabo, akukho izidakamizwa ezingenayo izingozi. Imithi ejwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula izimpawu ze-lupus yilezi:
- Izidakamizwa ezingezona ukuvuvukala (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs)
- I-Antimalarials
- Corticosteroids
- Imithi ye-Immunosuppressives / imishanguzo yokuguqula isifo (DMARD)
Uma unezimpawu ze-lupus ezincane , cishe uzophathwa nge-antimalarial kanye ne-NSAID engenzeka kanye / noma umthamo wesikhathi esifushane wama-corticosteroids.
Uma unezimpawu ze-lupus ezilinganiselwe , uhlelo lwakho lwezokwelapha lungase luhlanganise i-antimalarial kanye ne-corticosteroid yesikhashana kuze kube yilapho i-antimalarial isebenza. Ungase futhi uzuze ku-immunosuppressive.
Ngezimpawu ezinzima ze-lupus ezibandakanya izitho zakho, cishe uzodinga umthamo omkhulu wezokwelapha okuzivivinya umzimba. Ungaphinda uphathwe ngamazinga aphezulu e-corticosteroid okwesikhashana ukuze unciphise ukuvuvukala kwakho. Njengomphefumulane omnene futhi olinganiselayo, cishe uyozuza nakwi-antimalarial.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinketho ezitholakalayo kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinhlelo zokwelapha kungaba yinto emangalisayo futhi edidekayo. Uma udokotela wakho eqala uhlelo lomuthi, kubalulekile ukuthi uqonde kahle isizathu sokuthatha isidakamizwa, ukuthi kusebenza kanjani, kungakanani okufanele uthathe, uma udinga ukuthatha, nokuthi yini imiphumela emibi engase ibe nayo be. Uma ungaqinisekile, qiniseka ukuthi ubuza.
Iningi leziguli zenza kahle ngemithi ye-lupus futhi zithola imiphumela embalwa emibi.
Uma wenza, zama ukungadikibala, ukhumbule ukuthi ezinye izidakamizwa zivame ukutholakala. Futhi, yazise udokotela wakho ngokushesha. Kungaba yingozi ukuyeka ukuphuza imithi ethile, futhi akumelwe neze unqume noma ushintshe imithi ngaphandle kokukhuluma nodokotela wakho kuqala.
I-Antimalarials
I-Antimalarials yaqala ukuthuthukiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ngoba i-quinine, ukwelashwa okuvamile kwe-malaria, yayingekho. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi i-antimalarials ingasetshenziselwa ukuphatha ubuhlungu obuhlangene obwenzeka nge- arthritis ye-rheumatoid . Ukusetshenziswa okulandelayo kubonise ukuthi lezi zidakamizwa zisebenza kahle ekulawuleni lezi zimo ezihlobene ne-lupus:
- I-Lupus arthritis
- Ukuphuza isikhumba
- Izilonda zamathumbu
- Ukukhathala
- Fever
- Ukuvuvukala kwe-Lung
I-Antimalarials, evunyelwe yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ukuphatha i-lupus, isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ama-flares uma kuthathwa ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa ayisetshenziselwa ukuphatha izinhlobo ezingathí sina, zesistimu ze-lupus ezithinta izitho. Kungaba amasonto noma izinyanga ngaphambi kokuthi uqaphele ukuthi lezi zidakamizwa zilawula izimpawu zesifo.
Izinhlobo ze-antimalarials zifaka:
- I-Plaquenil (i-hydroxychloroquine sulfate)
- I-Aralen (i-chloroquine)
Nakuba i-chloroquine isasetshenziswa, ngenxa yokuphepha okungcono, i-hydroxychloroquine sulfate ivame ukukhetha. Isenzo sokulwa nokuvuvukala salezi zidakamizwa asiqondakali kahle. I-Antimalarials iphinde ithinte amapuleletthi akho ukunciphisa ingozi yamagundane egazi kanye namazinga aphansi e-plasma lipid.
Imiphumela emibi ye-antimalarials ingafaka:
- Isisu sithukuthele
- Ukulimala kwe-retina yeso (okungavamile)
Ama-NSAID
Izidakamizwa ezingekho ukuvuvukala (ama-NSAID) zihlanganisa iqembu elikhulu namakhemikhali ezidakamizwa ezinezinkinga zokunciphisa ubuhlungu, ukulwa nokuvuvukala nokukhulelwa komkhuhlane. Ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala yizinkinga ezivamile ezigulini ezine-lupus, futhi ama-NSAID ngokuvamile izidakamizwa zokuzikhethela iziguli ezine-lupus ezincane ezincane noma azibandakanyi nendikimba, nakuba zingavunyelwe ngokomthetho yi-FDA ukuphatha i-lupus. Iziguli ezinomthelela omkhulu wegciwane zingadinga izidakamizwa ezingaphezu kokuvuvukala nezidakamizwa.
Ngenkathi ezinye ze-NSAID, njenge-buprofen ne-naproxen, zitholakala ngaphezu kwe-counter, isidakamizwa kadokotela siyadingeka kwabanye. I-NSAID ingasetshenziswa yedwa noma ihlanganiswe nezinye izinhlobo zezidakamizwa ukulawula ubuhlungu, ukuvuvukala, nomkhuhlane. Kubalulekile ukuthi uthathe le mithi ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sodokotela wakho. I-NSAID ingase ibe yodwa isidakamizwa esidingekayo ukuphatha ukonakala okuncane, kepha isifo esisebenzayo singadinga imithi eyengeziwe.
Imiphumela emibi evamile ye-NSAID ingafaka:
- Isisu sithukuthele
- Ukuguquka kwenhliziyo
- Uhudo
- Ukugcinwa kwe-Fluid
Abanye abantu baphinde bahlakulele isibindi, izinso, izinhliziyo, noma ngisho nezinkinga zezinzwa ngokusebenzisa ama-NSAID, okwenza kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uhlale uxhumane nodokotela wakho ngenkathi ethatha le mithi.
Nakuba yonke i-NSAID ibonakala isebenza ngendlela efanayo, akubona bonke abanomphumela ofanayo kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziguli zingenza kahle kwi-NSAID eyodwa isikhathi esithile futhi ngenxa yesizathu esingaziwa singase siqale ukungatholi nzuzo kuyo. Ukushintshela kwi-NSAID ehlukile kungaveza imiphumela efunayo. Kufanele usebenzise i-NSAID eyodwa kuphela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi esithile.
Corticosteroids
I-Corticosteroids yi-hormone efihliwe yi-cortex ye-grenal adrenal. Izinguqulo ezihambisana nalezi zinhlayiya zisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa njengezidakamizwa ezinamandla zokulwa nokuvuvukala. Igama elithi "steroids" livame ukuqondwa kahle futhi ukudideka kungaholela lapho i-corticosteroids iphutha nge-anabolic steroids.
I-Corticosteroids iye yamukelwa yi-FDA yokuphatha i-lupus futhi ivame ukuphathwa ngomlomo. Ngezikhathi zokugula okubi, zingase zenziwe nge-intravenously. Kodwa uma usuzinzile, ukuphathwa komlomo kufanele kuqaliswe kabusha. Ngenxa yokuthi izidakamizwa ezinamandla, udokotela wakho uzofuna umthamo ophansi kakhulu ngenzuzo enkulu.
Iziguli ze-Lupus ezinezimpawu ezingaphuthuki noma ezingalindelekile ukuphendula kuma-NSAID noma ama-antimalarials zinganikwa i-corticosteroid. Nakuba i-corticosteroids inemiphumela emibi kakhulu, iphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukuvuvukala, ukunciphisa ubuhlungu bomzimba nobuhlungu kanye nokukhathala, nokucindezela isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela. Zisiza futhi ekulawuleni ukubandakanya komzimba omkhulu okuhlobene ne-lupus.
Uma izimpawu zakho seziphendulile ukwelashwa, umthamo uvame ukwenziwa kuze kube yilapho umthamo ophansi kakhulu olawula umsebenzi wesifo ufezwa. Udinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela ngalesi sikhathi ngamahora noma ukuphindaphindiwe kobuhlungu obuhlangene nobunzima, umkhuhlane, nokukhathala okungabangela uma umthamo wehlisa.
Ezinye iziguli zingadinga i-corticosteroids kuphela ngezigaba ezisebenzayo zalesi sifo; labo abanezifo ezinzima noma ukubandakanyeka komzimba okungathí sina bangadinga ukwelashwa isikhathi eside. Odokotela ngezinye izikhathi banikeza i-corticosteroid kakhulu ngokweqile isikhathi (izinsuku), okuthiwa i-bolus therapy noma ukwelashwa kwe-pulse.
Ngemuva kokwelashwa kwe-corticosteroid eside, izidakamizwa akumele zimiswe ngokuzumayo. Ukulawulwa kwe-corticosteroids kubangela ukukhiqizwa komzimba wakho we-hormone ezinamahloni ukunciphisa noma ukuyeka, futhi ukungasebenzi kahle noma ngisho nokuhlupheka okungakahleleki (isimo esingasongela ukuphila) kungase kubangele uma umuthi umiswa ngokuzumayo. Ukuphawula umthamo kuvumela ukuthi izigulane zomzimba wakho zilulame futhi ziphinde zikhiqize amahomoni wemvelo. Uma usuvele uhlala ku-corticosteroids, kunzima kakhulu ukwehlisa umthamo noma ukuyeka ukusebenzisa kwabo.
I-Corticosteroids esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-lupus ihlanganisa:
- I-Prednisone (i-Sterapred) -yasetshenziswa kakhulu ukuphatha i-lupus; bheka ngaphezulu ngezansi
- I-Hydrocortisone (Cortef, i-Hydrocortone)
- I-Methylprednisolone (i-Medrol)
- I-Dexamethasone (i-Decadron)
I-Corticosteroids iyatholakala njengoba:
- Ama-creams noma ama-ointments (okwenziwe isikhumba)
- Amaphilisi omlomo
- Izixazululo zamanzi
- Izidakamizwa ze-steroid (izijovo zamathambo noma ezinama-intravenous)
Imiphumela emibi yesikhathi esifushane ye-corticosteroids ingafaka:
- Ukucindezela okwandayo emehlweni (i-glaucoma)
- Ukuvuvukala
- Umfutho wegazi ophezulu
- Ukwandisa ukudla
- Inzuzo yesisindo
Imiphumela emide yesikhathi eside ye-corticosteroids ingabandakanya:
- I-cataract
- Ushukela ophezulu wegazi (isifo sikashukela)
- Izifo
- Amathambo amandla noma awonakele (i-osteoporosis ne-osteonecrosis)
- Isikhathi eside sokuba amanxeba ukuphulukisa
- Isikhumba se-Thinner esulula ukulimaza
- Namathisela
Ngokujwayelekile, izinga eliphakeme kakhulu futhi kuthathwa isikhathi eside kangakanani, ingozi enkulu nokuqina kwemiphumela emibi . Uma usebenzisa i-corticosteroids, kufanele ukhulume nodokotela wakho ngokuthatha i- calcium eyengeziwe kanye ne-vitamin D noma imithi ukunciphisa ingozi yokugaya i-osteoporosis.
Okuningi ku-Prednisone
I-Prednisone yi-corticosteroid ejwayelekile ukuthi odokotela bayichaza, yedwa noma ngokuhambisana neminye imithi, kodwa ngokuvamile isetshenziswa njengemithi yesikhashana. Kuyasebenza kakhulu ekwelapheni i-lupus ne-symptom esebenzayo ngokuvamile ihlakazeka ngokushesha. Labo abanezimpawu ezincane ze-lupus esebenzayo bangase bangadingi isidakamizwa nhlobo.
Thintana nodokotela wakho uma uhlakulela noma yiziphi izimpawu ezilandelayo ezingahambi noma ezimbi uma uthatha i-prednisone:
- Izinsizwa
- Isizungu
- Kunzima ukulala noma ukulala
- Injabulo engafanele
- Izinguquko ezidlulele kumzwelo
- Izinguquko zobuntu
- Amehlo aqhakazile
- I-acne
- Isikhumba, isikhumba esibucayi
- Ama-blotches abomvu noma obomvu noma imigqa ngaphansi kwesikhumba
- Ukuphulukiswa okunciphile kokusikeka nokuvuna
- Ukukhula kwezinwele ezanda
- Izinguquko endleleni amafutha asakaze ngayo emzimbeni
- Ukukhathala okukhulu
- Imisipha emandla
- Izinkathi ezingavamile noma ezingekho ezingeni
- Ukwehlisa isifiso socansi
- Ukuguquka kwenhliziyo
- Ukujuluka okukhulu
Xhumana nodokotela wakho ngokushesha uma ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu ezilandelayo ngenkathi uthatha i-prednisone:
- Izinkinga zembono
- Ubuhlungu beso, ukubomvu, noma ukukhipha
- Umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, ukubola, ukukhwehlela, noma ezinye izimpawu zokutheleleka
- Ukuzizwa
- Ukucindezeleka
- Ukulahlekelwa kokuxhumana neqiniso
- Ukudideka
- I-Muscle idilika noma iqinisa
- Ukuthungatha kwezandla ongeke ukwazi ukulawula
- Ubumbulu, ukuvutha noma ukubetha ebusweni, izingalo, imilenze, izinyawo, noma izandla
- Isisu esibuhlungu
- Ukuvota
- Lightheadedness
- Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungavamile
- Ukuthola isisindo ngokungazelelwe
- Ukuvuvukala noma ubuhlungu esiswini
- Ukuphefumula okunzima
- Rash
- I-Hives
- Itching
I-Immunosuppressives / DMARD (Izifo-Ukuguqula Izidakamizwa Eziphikisana Nezifo)
Imithi ye-Immunosuppressives nezinye izidakamizwa eziphikisana nezifo (i-DMARD) ezisetshenziselwa izifo ezisetshenziselwa isifo (i-DMARD) zisetshenziselwa "off-label" (okusho ukuthi azange zamukelwe i-FDA ngokuphatha i-lupus) ngezigameko ezinkulu, zesistimu ze-lupus lapho izigungu ezinkulu ezinjengezinso ziyathinteka noma lapho kukhona ukuvuvukala kwemisipha noma i-arthritis engenakwenzeka. I-Immunosuppressives ingasetshenziselwa ukunciphisa noma ngezinye izikhathi ukuqeda isidingo se-corticosteroids, ngaleyo ndlela ikuvimbele emiphumeleni engathandeki yelashwa yesikhathi eside yesikhumba se-corticosteroid. I-Immunosuppressives igwema isimiso sakho sokuvikela omzimba ngokweqile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
I-Immunosuppressives ne-DMARD ingaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela emibi ixhomeke kumthamo owenzayo futhi ngokuvamile uvuseleleka ngokunciphisa umthamo noma ukuyeka imithi ngaphansi kwelulekwa udokotela. Lezi zidakamizwa zinganikezwa ngomlomo noma ngokumnika (ukufaka umuthi emithanjeni yakho nge-tube encane).
Kunezingozi eziningi ezinzulu ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwama-immunosuppressives nama-DMARD. Lokhu kufaka:
- I-Immunosuppression
- Ukwenyuka okukhudlwana ukutheleleka
- Ukunciphisa umzimba we-bone
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibi
Izidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene ze-immunosuppressive kanye nezinye izidakamizwa ezilwa nezifo eziguqula izifo ziyatholakala ukuphatha i-lupus. Konke lokhu kusebenza eqenjini lezidakamizwa ezisetshenziswe njengendlela yesibili yokuzivikela ngokumelene ne-lupus nezinye izinhlobo ze-arthritis. Nakuba banezinqubo ezahlukene zezenzo, uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza ukwenza ukunciphisa noma ukuvimbela impendulo yomzimba.
Ama-immunosuppressives nama-DMARD asetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-lupus afaka:
- I-Cyclophosphamide (i-Cytoxan)
- I-Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept): Lo muthi uvame ukusetshenziselwa i-lupus nephritis noma i-lupus erythematosus ephikisana nayo yokwelashwa, indlela esemqoka ye-lupus, futhi kusiza ukunciphisa umthamo we-steroids ongayidinga.
- I-Azathioprin (Imuran, i-Azasan): I-Azathioprin isebenza ngokuvimbela ukuphindaphinda kwegciwane kanye nokusebenza kwe-T esilandelayo. Ngokusekelwe ku-murine (igundane nesilwane) kanye nezifundo zabantu, i-azathioprine ithathwa njenge-agent ye-immunosuppressive ebuthakathaka. Kodwa-ke, eshibhile kunamanye ama-immunosuppressive agents futhi angasetshenziswa esikhundleni se-steroids. Ngokuqondile, i-azathioprin isebenza kahle ngemva kokuqala ukwelashwa nge-cyclophosphamide noma i-mycophenolate.
- I-Methotrexate (i-Rheumatrex)
Imiphumela emibi yale mithi ingafaka:
- I-nausea
- Ukuvota
- Ukulahlekelwa izinwele
- Izinkinga zesibindi
- Kunciphise ukuzala
- Ingozi enkulu yomdlavuza kanye nokutheleleka
Ingozi yemiphumela emibi yanda ngobude bezokwelapha. Njengezinye izindlela zokwelapha i-lupus, kunengozi yokubuyela emuva ngemva kokuba imishanguzo ye-immunosuppressives imisiwe.
Biologics
I-Benlysta (belimumab) yinye isidakamizwa esamukelwe i-FDA ekwelapheni i-lupus esebenzayo, i-autoantibody-positive in iziguli ezitholayo ukwelashwa okujwayelekile okubandakanya i-corticosteroids, i-antimalarials, i-immunosuppressives, nama-NSAID (izidakamizwa ezingekho ukuvuvukala). I-Benlysta ilawulwa njenge-infusion emangcwabeni futhi iyisilonda sokuqala sokukhomba amaprotheni we-B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), okumele anciphise inani lamaseli angavamile B-inkinga ku-lupus.
Izinketho zezinye izinhlobo ze-Lupus
Uma uthola ukuthi uthola i-lupus noma i-subacute i-lupus ene-cutaneous, izimo ezivame ukuhlukana ne-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ejwayelekile, ama-plaques akho kufanele athole ukwelashwa ngokusemthethweni ngekhrimu ye-corticosteroid noma amafutha okugcoba. Lezi zitshalo zingasetshenziswa ezilonda ebusuku ngaphambi kokulala; isikhumba esiphathwe kufanele sihlanganiswe nefilimu yepulasitiki noma i-tape yeCordran. Uma ama-plaques eshiywe ngaphandle kwembova elinjalo, amafutha we-corticosteroid nama-gel kufanele asetshenziswe kabili ngosuku.
Enye indlela yokuphatha izindawo ezibangelwa yi-subacute kanye ne-discoid i-lupus engavamile ukusebenzisa ama-inhibitors e-topical calcineurin njenge-pimecrolimus ukhilimu noma ama-tacrolimus. Uma izilonda zakho zingaphenduli noma i-corticosteroids noma i-calcineurin inhibitors, udokotela wakho angase azame ukujova i-corticosteroid ezilonda zesikhumba sakho.
Uma engekho kulezi zindlela zokwelapha ezisebenza, udokotela wakho uzama ukuzama ukwelashwa ngendlela ehlelekile. I-therapy line-line yokuqala ihlanganisa i-antimalarials efana ne-hydroxychloroquine sulfate, i-chloroquine, noma i-quinacrine. Lezi ziyasebenza kubantu abaningi.
Uma i-antimalarials ingenzi iqhinga, udokotela wakho angase azame enye yalezi zindlela zokwelapha:
- I-immunosuppressive, efana ne-methotrexate noma i-mycophenolate mofetil (i-MMF)
- I-retinoid yesistimu, njenge-isotretinoin noma i-acitretin
- I-Dapsone, i-sulfonamide
- U-Thalidomide, i-agent engenawo umzimba
Omunye umphumela omubi wezidakamizwa ze-antimalarial yi-psoriasis, okunye uhlobo lwesifo sesikhumba esinempawu ezifanayo ukuhlukumezeka nokuthola i-lupus encane. I-Isotretinoin ne-thalidomide yizo zombili izidakamizwa, okusho ukuthi lezi zidakamizwa zingalimaza ingane, ngakho ungathathi lokhu uma ukhulelwe noma ucabanga ngokukhulelwa.
Imithi yokwelapha ehambisanayo
Ngenxa yemvelo kanye nezindleko zezidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-lupus kanye nemiphumela emibi emibi, iziguli eziningi zifuna ezinye izindlela noma izindlela ezengeziwe zokwelapha lesi sifo. Ezinye izindlela ezilandelayo zihlanganisa:
- Ukudla okukhethekile
- Izithako ze-Herbal
- Amafutha okudoba amafutha
- Ukunakekelwa kwe-Chiropractic
- I-Homeopathy
- I-Acupuncture
- Tai Chi
- Ukwelashwa kwe-Massage
- I-Biofeedback
- Ukuzindla
Yize lezi zindlela zingase zingabi yingozi nakuzo futhi zingasiza ngezinye zezibonakaliso zakho uma zihlanganiswa necebo lakho lokwelapha njalo, akukho cwaningo olukhona kuze kube yimanje lubonisa ukuthi kuthinta inqubo yesifo noma kuvimbela ukulimala komzimba. Eqinisweni, izithako ze-herbal zingase zibe yingozi, okwenza ukuthi izimpawu ze-lupus zibi kakhulu futhi / noma ziphazamise imishanguzo yakho yemithi.
Njalo ubonisane nodokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuba uqale noma yimaphi ukwelashwa okuhambisanayo noma okunye, futhi qiniseka ukuthi uqhubeka uthatha imithi oyimisiwe.
> Imithombo:
> I-Clarke J. Ekuqaleni Ukuphathwa Kwe-Discoid Lupus ne-Subacute I-Lupus Ehlukanisiwe. Kusesikhathini. Kubuyekezwe uMeyi 16, 2017.
> I-Clarke J. Ukuphathwa Kokulahlekelwa Kwenqatshwa Kwamafutha Lupus ne-Subacute I-Lupus Ehlukanisiwe. Kusesikhathini. Ibuyekezwe ngoJanuwari 11, 2017.
> I-MedlinePlus. I-Prednisone. Ilabhulali Kazwelonke Yezokwelapha yase-US. Kubuyekezwe ngoNovemba 15, 2015.
> Wallace DJ. Ukubheka ngokubheka kokuphathwa nokuhlaziywa kwe-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus kubantu abadala. Kusesikhathini. Kubuyekezwe i-Januwari 24, 2018.