Izifundo eziningi kanye nendawo ebizwa ngokuthi "idolobha elikhulu kakhulu" ziye zathola ukuthi amadolobha nezindawo ezinamazinga aphakeme kakhulu okungaqondakali nawo yizo ezaziphethe izinga eliphansi kakhulu lokukhuluphala.
Umkhankaso omusha wokwakha umdabu obizwa ngokuthi i-New Urbanism uye waqala ngezinhloso zokugqugquzela amadolobha aphilile futhi anemvelo, futhi idatha yakamuva ibonise ukuthi lokhu kuhamba kungathinta izinga lokukhuluphala ngokweqile nokukhuluphala kahle.
Yini Eyenza Umakhelwane Wenzeke?
Inkulumo ethi "indawo yokuhlala ehamba phambili" ibhekisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uyakwazi ukuhamba ezitolo zendawo, ezikoleni nasemapaki endaweni yangakini. Izici ezifana nezindlela zomgwaqo nezindlela zokuhamba ngebhayisikili zenza lokhu kube khona, kanjalo nokutholakala okulungiselelwe kokuhlukahluka kwamabhizinisi ngaphakathi kokuhamba ibanga.
Yisiphi isimo samanje somakhelwane sokuthi ukhona?
Ezizweni ezithuthukile, iningi labantu abadala lithatha indlela yokuphila ehlala yamuva ehambisana nezinga eliphansi kakhulu lomsebenzi oqhubekayo.
Isilinganiso somsebenzi ongokwenyama ophakanyiswa yimikhombandlela eminingi kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe okungenani imizuzu engama-30 yokusebenza okulinganiselayo ngokomzimba okungenani izinsuku ezingu-5 ngesonto. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningi olwengeziwe luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlala kusebenza usuku lonke kungenye yezindlela ezingcono zokuvimbela izifo ezingapheli ezifana nesifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, isifo sohlangothi, nomdlavuza.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi iningi labantu abadala abakutholi ngisho nokunconywa okungenani nsuku zonke komsebenzi womzimba, okungenani kuncoma ukuthi uhlale usebenza usuku lonke. Futhi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinto ezilula zokuphila kwethu zanamuhla, njengokuhamba ngemoto kanye nemisebenzi yedeski, zihlanganisa ukusenza siphelele futhi futhi, zifaka isandla esiqhumeni sokukhuluphala.
Iyini i-Urbanism entsha?
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, i-Urbanism entsha iyinhlangano yokuhlela yasemadolobheni yesikhathi esizayo ephakathi kwezinhloso zayo ukugqugquzela amadolobha enempilo nangokwakheka kwemvelo nezindawo zasemadolobheni.
Njengoba kuphawulwe ku-newurbanism.org, "ukuhlela izindawo ezinhle zokududuzeka nokuthokozisa kwabahamba ngezinyawo kungenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-Urbanism entsha."
Inhlangano entsha ye-Urbanism inxenxa ukwakha amadolobha "ngezinhlelo zonke zomgwaqo ongenamoto, owaziwa ngokuthi amadolobha ahamba ngezinyawo." Ngakho, ngokugxila kwizinto ezenza imizi ibe nobungane kwabahamba ngezinyawo futhi ikhuthaze ukuhamba ngezindawo eziningi zansuku zonke, ukuhlela okusha kwe-Urbanism kungenza amazinga aphezulu okusebenza ngokomzimba yingxenye evamile yesimiso sezinsuku zonke.
Abaxhasi beNew Urbanism note ukuthi "ukukwazi ukuhamba ukuxuba izitolo, izindawo zokudlela, ama-newsstands, ama-coffee and open-air markets ngaphakathi kwamakhemikhali namahholo okusebenzela ahlinzeka izinga eliphezulu lokuphila."
Abanye baye bacela ukuthi zonke izifunda zasemadolobheni zibe yizihambi kuphela, ngokuxhumana ngokuqondile nomzila wezitimela zokuhamba ibanga elide.
Iyini i-Active Design Movement?
Njengoba kunemigomo efana ne-New Urbanism, i-Active Design, ngokusho kwesikhungo se-Active Design, "indlela yokusekela ekuthuthukisweni ekhomba ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kanye nezixazululo zokwakha ukweseka imiphakathi enempilo."
Nakulokhu, lokhu kuyisicelo somqondo wokuklama izakhamuzi, imiphakathi, ngisho nezakhiwo ezizimele ukuthi abantu bakhuthazwe ukuba baphuthele kakhulu empilweni yabo yansuku zonke-njengemigomo yokuvakashelwa komakhelwane, isibonelo.
Okuthakazelisayo, Ukusebenza Okusebenzayo akuphefumulelwe nje kuphela ngenxa yesifo sokukhuluphala, kodwa ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo-izifo ze-eras ezedlule. Njengoba kuphawulwe yiSikhungo se-Active Design, i-Active Design yakha "emlandweni wokuklama okuthinta impilo yomphakathi ngekhulu le-19 njengoba kubonwe ukunciphisa okukhulu ekusakazeni kwezifo ezithathelwanayo."
Ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ukunciphisa ukuqhuma nokuhlanjululwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo ezihambisana nezindlu zokuhlala kanye nezinye izindlu zokuqasha izindlu zangaphandle kwaholela ekunciphiseni izifo ezithathelwanayo ezifana nesifo sofuba, ikholera, i-typhoid nezinye.
Kuthemba ukuthi, ngokusebenzisa ukucwaninga kwezempilo yakamuva, izimiso zokuklama ezifanayo zingasetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo ngesikhathi silwa nokukhuluphala ngokweqile.
Lesi Siza Singaba Nesifo Sezulu Esikhulu Kangakanani?
Yini eyaziwa njengezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuhamba-ukuhamba noma ukuhamba ngebhayisikili, isibonelo-zinemiphumela enhle kakhulu yezempilo kunokuba ushayela imoto , futhi kunamandla okuvimbela ukukhuluphala.
Esinye isifundo esibheke esimweni sokuzivocavoca esizimele (esimiswe njengezokuthutha ezizimele, ezokuthutha zomphakathi, nezokuthutha okusebenzayo) kubantu abahlala kuka-15 000 base-United Kingdom, labo abahamba emisebenzini basebenzisa izindlela zokusebenza ezisebenzayo nezesidlangalaleni babene-mass body inkomba (BMI) kunalabo abasebenzisa izithuthi zangasese. (Ukuthutha kwangasese kungabandakanya ukushayela imoto yakho kanye nokuhlanganisa imoto, isibonelo.)
Akukhona nje kuphela labo abahamba noma bahamba ngebhayisikili yonke noma ingxenye yendlela yokusebenza - njengoba umuntu angenza ngokudingekile lapho usebenzisa ukuhamba komphakathi - abe nama-BMI aphansi, kodwa futhi anezimpesenti eziphansi zamafutha omzimba uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abaqala ukusebenza besebenzisa izimoto zabo zangasese. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bathola ukuthi bathole izinzuzo zendlela yokuhamba yokusebenza.
Olunye ucwaningo olwalubheka abantu abangaphezu kuka-100 000 abahlala emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni ase-Ontario, eCanada, bahlukanisa izindawo ezakhelwe ngaphansi kweStart Smart Walk Score®, okuyinto abalobi abacwaningayo abachaza ngokuthi "isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe sokuzungezwa komakhelwane."
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuhamba nge-Walk Score®, abacwaningi babeke izindawo zokuhlala ezisekelwe kumakhodi weposi ukuze kube esinye sezigaba eziyisihlanu ezihamba phambili, "kusukela ngokuxhomeke kakhulu kwezimoto kuya 'ePharadesi yePharadesi.'" Abahlanganyeli bokufunda ababehlala ezindaweni ezixhomeke kakhulu emotweni batholakala izingqinamba eziphakeme kakhulu zokuba ngokweqile noma okugqamile uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abahlala "ezindaweni zePader's Paradise".
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamizi zezindawo ze- "Walker's Paradise" zibike ukuthi zihamba ngaphezulu ngenxa yezizathu ze-utilitarian kunezikhathi zokungcebeleka-zihamba ukuze zithole ukudla, njengesibonelo, hhayi nje ukuphuma. Lezi zakhamizi zitholakala ukuthi zilinganiselwa ku-3.0 kg (6.6 lbs.) Ngaphansi kwalabo ababehlala ezindaweni ezixhomeke kakhulu emotweni.
Ekulandeleni ucwaningo lwaseCanada, abacwaningi babika ku- Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) ukuthi izinga eliphakeme lokuhamba kahle komakhelwane lalihlotshaniswa namazinga aphansi okweqile nokukhuluphala kanye nokuhla kwesifo sikashukela phakathi neminyaka efundwe (2001 kuya ku-2012). Abacwaningi bathi kunezifundo ezengeziwe ezidingekayo ukuze zihlolwe futhi ziqinisekise imiphumela yemigomo ye-Active Design kanye nokuvakashelwa komakhelwane ezifweni ezifana nokukhuluphala ngokweqile nesifo sikashukela.
Olunye ucwaningo luye lwasikisela ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwegazi nokuqina komzimba kuthuthukisiwe kubantu abahlala ezindaweni zokuhlala. Ngempela, umsebenzi olula wokuhamba nsuku zonke ungenye yezinguquko zokuphila eziyaziwa ukuthuthukisa ukucindezelwa kwegazi.
Futhi ucwaningo luye lwaveza ezinye izinzuzo zezempilo zokuhamba ngezinsuku ezingu-30 zokuhamba: ku-Nurses 'Health Study, isibonelo, labo abahamba ngokukhawuleza noma abaphumelele ukuzivocavoca umzimba okungenani imizuzu engama-30 nsuku zonke babe nengozi encane yokungazelelwe ukufa komzimba phakathi neminyaka engu-26 yokulandela.
Izibonelo zomhlaba wonke zamadolobha aseWalkable
Ngokwesizinda esisha sase-Urbanism, bobabili iVenice, i-Italy neCopenhagen, iDenmark yizibonelo ezinhle kakhulu "zamadolobha amakhulu."
Phakathi kwemizi emikhulu yomhlaba, iVenice inesidingo esikhulu kunazo zonke zomgwaqo onyawo ngezinyawo.
Umgwaqo omkhulu wendabuko waseCopenhagen, uStroget, waguqulwa waba yizinyawo zeminyaka engama-40 edlule, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abahleli bemizi baqhubeka bezama ukuguqula lo muzi ekubeni babehamba ngemoto ukuze babe nokuhamba ngezinyawo.
Izinyathelo abahleli beCopenhagen ezithathile ukufezekisa lokhu kuguquka zihlanganisa ukuguqula imigwaqo eminingi ibe yindlela yokuhamba ngezinyawo, ukuguqula izindawo zokupaka ezigcawini, ukugqugquzela ukuhamba ngebhayisikili njengendlela enkulu yokuthutha, nokwakha esilinganisweni "esincane futhi esincane" Izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezakhiwe kakhulu zithandwa.
Lezi zinyathelo zibonisa izimiso ze-Urbanism entsha, ehlose ukwakha nokubuyiselwa "amadolobhana ahambisanayo, ahlukene, ahlangane nawo anika ikhwalithi ephakeme yokuphila ngokunikeza izinqumo ezintsha zokuphila," njengoba kuphawulwe isayithi elisha le-Urbanism.
Phakathi kwamadolobha aseNyakatho Melika, labo abahamba ngezinyawo ze-Walk Scores bahlanganisa imizi yase-US yaseNew York City (amaphuzu angu-89), iSan Francisco (86), iBoston (81), iPhiladelphia (78), noMiami (78).
E-Canada, labo abahamba ngezinyawo zokuhamba ngezinyawo kwakuyizindawo zaseVancouver (ezinamaphuzu angu-78), eToronto (71) naseMontreal (70).
E-United States, amadolobha amaningi ahamba ngezinyawo nawo ayejwayele ukuba nalabo abahamba ngezinyawo ezihamba phambili, egcizelela umphumela omuhle wokuthi ukuhlelwa kwedolobha nokuhlelwa kwedolobha kungaba nokuhamba kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, i-walkscore.com ilinganise i-New York, i-San Francisco, iBoston, iSifunda sase-Columbia, neFiladelphia njengamadolobha angu-5 ahamba phambili kakhulu.
I-San Francisco neBoston nayo ibhalele emadolobheni amahlanu ahamba phambili ebhayisikili.
Imithombo:
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U-Chiuve SE, i-Fung TT, i-Rexrode KM, iSpiegelman D, et al. Ukuhambisana nokuphila okungengozini, impilo enempilo kanye nobungozi bokufa kwe-cardiac ngokuzumayo phakathi kwabesifazane. I-JAMA 2011; 306: 62-69.
Idala i-MI, i-Glazier RH, i-Moineddin R, i-Fazli GS, i-Johns A, i-Gozdyra P, et al. Inhlangano yomakhelwane izama ukuguqulwa nokuguqulwa kokuqhathanisa ngokweqile, ukukhuluphala, nesifo sikashukela. I-JAMA . 2016; 315 (20): 2211-2220.
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Nkosian G, Pakrashi D. Yenza yonke imisebenzi "isisindo" ngokulinganayo? Yeka ukuthi imisebenzi ehlukene yezinto ezibonakalayo ihluke kanjani njengezibikezelo zesisindo. I-Risk Anal 2015 May 20.
Imihlahlandlela yomsebenzi womzimba wabaseMelika. UMnyango WezeMpilo waseMelika kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu.
Rundle AG, Heymsfield SB. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ukuklanywa kwemadolobheni okubambe iqhaza kunendima ekunciphiseni izimo ezihlobene nokukhuluphala? I-JAMA . 2016; 315 (20): 2175-2176.
Thornton CM, Conway TL, uKayin KL, Gavand KA, Saelens BE, Frank LD, et al. Ukungafani kwezindawo ze-pedestrian streetcape ngenzuzo kanye nohlanga / ubuzwe. I-SSM ye-Popul Health. 2016; 2: 206-216.