Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yi-swine flu, umkhuhlane wezilwane , umkhuhlane wezinambuzane , noma umkhuhlane we-typhoid sizwa igama legciwane elisetshenziswe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Iyini ngempela isifo esiyishoyo? Uma siqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini isifo sofuzo, singakwazi ukulungele kangcono ukubhekana nenye.
Igama elithi ubhubhane livela kwisiLatin nesiGreki. I-Pan isho konke noma ngaphesheya - kulokhu, kusho ukuthi kuwo wonke umhlaba. Amademoni asho abantu noma abantu.
Ngakho-ke ubhubhane bubhekisela kunoma yisiphi isifo esasakazeka kubantu abaningi. Ngokuvamile, ubhubhane bubhekisela kumkhuhlane (umkhuhlane) ogciwane futhi usakazekile. Ubhubhane lungaba yisifo (isifo sofuba) noma kungaba nesibongo (iSifo se-Flugal Spanish Fighter of 1918-1919.) Futhi, kukhona umehluko phakathi kwesifo nobhubhane .
Ukulandelela nokuchaza isifo sofuba
I-World Health Organization (WHO) ichaza izifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Indlela yabo yokubhekana nesifo sofuba ukuchaza ukuthi kwenzeke kanjani ngezigaba eziyisithupha noma izigaba, okubonisa ukuthi hlobo luni lokuphendula oludingekayo esigabeni ngasinye. Izigaba azihlobene nokuthi umuntu oyedwa ogulayo noma bangaki abantu abanalo. Esikhundleni salokho, zihlobene nokuthi zitholakala kuphi nokuthi zisakazeka kanjani ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Kubuye kucatshangelwe ukuthi i-virus entsha isifo kanjani. Uma isifo segciwane sesanda kuthuthukiswa ngaleso sikhathi, ingxenye enkulu, abantu ngeke babe nokuzivikela okuncane noma okungekho emkhunjini.
Izilwane ezinjengezingulube nezinyoni zakha amagciwane amasha njalo. Ngesikhathi i-virus yesilwane ihlanganisa igciwane lesintu, abantu bangase baqale ukuthuthukisa ukugula okunjengomkhuhlane, kusukela kuleso sifo. Lokho ukuguqulwa nokugula okubangelwa yiyo okwenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe kunalokho ongayilindela, ukuthelela abantu abambalwa ngonyaka.
Lapho abantu beqala ukuthelela abanye abantu ngalezi zifo ezivela ezilwaneni, izikhulu zezempilo ziqala ukulalela. Njengoba abantu bengakaze bazakhele izifo ezinqanda lezi zinhlobo zegciwane, umkhuhlane omusha kufanele utholakale kangcono ngangokunokwenzeka ukuwugcina ungasakaze kubantu abaningi emiphakathini yezwe, ngakho-ke kusho ukuthi isifo esiwumshayabhuqe.
Izigaba Ze-Pandemic
I-WHO ilandelela wonke ama-virusi ahlonziwe, isilwane noma abantu, ngokusebenzisa izigaba noma izigaba.
- Isigaba 1: Amagciwane ahamba phakathi kwezilwane kuphela. Akukho ukutheleleka komuntu okubangelwa igciwane lesilwane.
- Isigaba sesi-2: I-virus yesilwane ibangele ukutheleleka kumuntu. Kuleli qophelo, kunezinga eliyisisekelo lokusongela ubhubhane ngoba uhlobo lwegciwane luye lwashintsha ukwenza lokho kudluliselwe kumuntu.
- Isigaba sesi-3: Amaqoqo amancane abantu abenegciwane lesandulela ngculaza emphakathini owodwa. Kukhona amathuba okusakazeka kwegciwane uma abanye abangaphandle kwalowo mphakathi bexhumana nalabo bantu abanegciwane. Ngalesi sikhathi, lesi sifo singase sibe isifo kulowo mphakathi, kodwa akuyona inkinga.
- Isigaba sesi-4: Ukudluliswa kwegciwane lesintu kuya kwesintu kanye nesilwane kubangela ukuqhuma emiphakathini eminingi futhi abantu abaningi begula kulowo miphakathi. Imiphakathi eningi ibika ukuqhuma nokubhubhisa kungenzeka, nakuba, ngokusho kwe-WHO, ubhubhane akusona isiphetho esinqunyiwe.
- Isigaba sesi-5: Ukudluliselwa komuntu kuya komuntu kwenziwa okungenani emazweni amabili esifundeni esisodwa se-WHO. I-WHO ine-Network Centralized 120 Influenza Centres emazweni angu-90 ahlukene. Esigabeni sesi-5, amazwe amaningi awaphazamiseki (okwamanje) kodwa isifo sibonakala siseduze. Lesi sigaba sibonakaliso sokuthi ohulumeni kanye nezikhulu zezempilo kumele bahlale bekulungele ukufeza izinhlelo zabo zokunciphisa ubhubhane.
- Isigaba sesi-6: Isibungu semhlaba sisanda. Ukugula kusakazeke futhi ohulumeni kanye nezikhulu zezezempilo bazama ukusebenza ngenhloso yokunciphisa ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo, futhi basize abantu bakubo ukuthi babhekane nayo ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuzivikela nokuvimbela.
- I-Post-pandemic: Ngemuva kokwanda komsebenzi, umsebenzi osakazeka ngesifo uzoqala ukudlula. Isihluthulelo kuleli phuzu kufanele silungele ukuzama ukuvimbela ukuqhuma kwesibili.
Isikhathi sesikhathi sezigaba 1 kuya ku-6 singenzeka ezinyangeni eziningana eminyakeni eminingi.
Ama-Pandemics emakhulwini amabili namashumi amabili namashumi amabili
Njengoba izwe selibe lincanyana ngokwezokuxhumana kanye nekhono kanye nesifiso sokuhamba, izifo zengculazi zithintekile.
Ukukhululeka kokuhamba kusho ukuthi ukutheleleka kudlulela emhlabeni wonke ngokushesha kunokuba ngabe ngabe abantu bahlala endaweni. Iqembu labafundi elivakashela iMexico ngesikhathi sokuphumula kwentwasahlobo libuyela ekhaya eNew York futhi lisakaze lesi sifo kumalungu omndeni nakwabalingane nabo. Umama webhizinisi uya eMexico ebhizinisini futhi uhlangana nomuntu ohlala ephethe i-swine flu entsha ngaphandle kokwazi. Noma umuntu osulelekile usuqalile ukukloloda nokukhwehlela futhi uthinte itafula noma ibhodlela lamanzi elithintekayo ngaleso sikhathi. Uvumelanisa amagciwane futhi abathinte abantu ebhanoyini, esikhumulweni sezindiza, nasekhaya.
Ukulula kwezokuxhumana kunomthelela, futhi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusho ukuthi singathola ulwazi mayelana nesimo nokuvimbela kulabo abadinga kakhulu masinyane, ngezinye izikhathi ngaso leso sikhathi. Ohlangothini olubi, kusho ulwazi olubi oludlulayo nxazonke, futhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwesaba kuqhubeka ngokushesha, nakuba, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukwesaba kungasho ukuthi abantu bathathe izinyathelo zokuzivikela nokuqapha kalula.
Phakathi nobhubhiso luka-1918-1919, kwakunabangu-40-50 million abafa emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumana nokuhlela sekusezingeni eliphezulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-WHO ilinganisela ukuthi ubhubhane lwekhulu lama-21 luzobangela "ukufa" kwabaningi abayizigidi ezingu-7,4 emhlabeni wonke.
Umkhuhlane wezinyoni ze-Avian kanye ne-Swine
U-WHO ubheka lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zomkhuhlane ukuba zibe sengozi enkulu yokuba yindlala ngekhulu lama-21.
Umkhuhlane wezilwane, obizwa ngokuthi umkhuhlane wezinyoni, wawubonakala kuqala eHong Kong (H5N1) ngo-1997, kodwa akubhekwa njengengculazi ngoba awusakazeki ngezincazelo zezigaba ngenhla. Ngonyaka ka-2013, kutholakala uhlobo olusha lwe-bird flu, i-H7N9 yabonakala kepha isakazeka kuphela ekuthintaneni kwezinyoni kuya kubantu.
Umkhuhlane we-swine yi-H1N1 Influenza A. Ngo-Ephreli 2009, kwaqala ukusabalalisa emiphakathini emisha esuka eMexico futhi kwathiwa yindlala yi-World Health Organization ngoJuni 2009. Funda kabanzi mayelana nomkhuhlane wezingulube .