Isikhumba sibangelwa igciwane le-variola futhi liyaziwa ukuthi lidluliselwa phakathi kwabantu. I-virus ebukhoma igcinwa ngenhloso yokucwaninga kuma laboratories amabili kuphela emhlabeni: amaCentral for the Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) e-United States naseVECTOR Institute eRussia.
Lesi sifo samemezelwa ukuqedwa ngo-1980 kulandela uhlelo lomhlaba jikelele lokugoma nokuzihlukanisa.
Amacala okugcina okwenzeka ngokwemvelo avela ekugqaseni eSomalia ngo-1977. Isikhumba sezinambuzane sihlala sichithwa ukuze sikhulume nosuku.
Kusukela ngo-1980, ukugonywa okuvamile kwesikhukhumba kuphelile emhlabeni jikelele, kusale ingxenye ebalulekile yabantu abangenalo igciwane lesandulela ngculazi elibangela isibhokotshi.
I-Variola Virus
I-Variola ivela eqenjini lezinambuzane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-orthopoxvirus Iphinde ihlanganise i-monkeypox, i-cowpox, i-vaccinia, i-camelpox, nezinye izinto ezivela kuzo.
Ngenkathi ingqungquthela icatshangwa ukuthi isuswa ngokuphelele emvelweni, enye i-orthopoxvirus ingase ibangele ukuqubuka. Ama-virus aphethwe yizinhlobo ezingezona umuntu kodwa angakwazi ukuthelela abantu ayaziwa ngokuthi i-zoonotic. Zonke i-orthopoxviruses ziyakwazi ukuthelela abantu kodwa aziyona eyingozi njenge-ingulube futhi azikwazi ukusakazwa kalula kusuka kubantu kuya kubantu.
I-Bioterrorism
Ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana ne-variola virus kuyinzuzo yokusebenzisa njengesikhali sezinto eziphilayo.
Ngisho noma isikhuhlane sezinambuzane singakaze senzeke ngokwemvelo emashumini eminyaka, izikhulu zezempilo kufanele zigcine uhlelo lokusabela lapho kwenzeka ukuthi abantu bavelele igciwane.
I-CDC izocabangela inkinga eyodwa eqinisekisiwe yesikhukhumba isifo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuzivikela emphakathini wamanje.
Izigidi zemithi yokugoma i-ingulube zigcinwa e-United States uma kwenzeka ukuqubuka.
Abaphenduli bokuqala, abempi, nabanakekeli bezempilo bazogonywa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze benze njengesivimbela ekusakazeni igciwane ngaphesheya kokuhlelwa kwezempilo. I-CDC inamanani okwanele okugonywa kwe-ingulube ukuze inoculate wonke umuntu e-United States.
I-Re-Emergence engenzeka
Ngisho noma i-varipox variola virus engahlali ngokwemvelo ayihlali kunoma yisiphi isilwane esaziwayo, silinde ukuthelela umuntu, ososayensi bathole izibonelo ezihlambulukile kakhulu ze-variola ezinkampeni zamathisayi zasendulo.
Ukukhathazeka okuwukuthi uhlobo oluthile olubi lwegciwane le-variola lungase lube khona iqhwa libe yi-permafrost, ehoxiswa ngamazinga aphakeme minyaka yonke.
Ukuthutha
Umkhuhlane, i-pertussis, kanye nesimungumungwane konke kupheleleka kunokwesikhomba. Isikhumba sithunyelwa ngokuxhumana okude phakathi nesikhathi eside. I-variola virus isuke ivela emoyeni futhi ivame ukudluliselwa ngephutha lokuphefumula.
Ubani Ongenelele?
Iziguli zithathelwana ngokushesha uma zibonisa izimpawu nezibonakaliso zesibhokisisi futhi zihlala zithathelwana kuze kube yilapho ukuqubuka nezilonda zixazululwe ngokuphelele. Ama-pustules azokwehla futhi awele, ashiye isibazi.
Uma sewomile ngokuphelele, okuthatha cishe amasonto amane, isiguli asisabhekwa njengesifo esithathelwanayo.
Ukuthunyelwa Kwomoya Okungenayo Nokuxhumana
Ngokuvamile, isiguli esinesifo futhi umuntu othola ukutheleleka wayehlala ekhaya elifanayo. Ukucabanga ukuthi le ngulube yayivame ukudluliselwa ngamaconsi amakhulu amakhulu lapho isiguli sigubha noma sithunjwa. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwaba khona amacala angavamile okudluliswa kokuxhumana okungajwayelekile futhi okudluliswayo okubonakala phakathi kwamaphesenti esibhedlela, okuzobonisa ukuthi izinhlayiya ezincane ezinomoya ophezulu.
Njengoba ukudluliswa kwemvelo kwe-ispoxx kungakaze kwenzeke kusukela ngo-1977, abacwaningi abaqinisekisi ukuthi ngabe lesi sifo sithunyelwa emoyeni ngokusebenzisa amaconsi amakhulu noma amancane.
Izindlela zomoya zanamuhla ezivuselelwe izibhedlela azikho lapho isifo sezinambuzane sasiphathwa e-United States. Uma igciwane lithathwa ngamaconsi amakhulu, izinhlelo ezintsha zomoya akufanele zenze umehluko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma igciwane lithathwa ngamaconsi amancane emgodini wokuphefumula, izinhlelo zokukhishwa emoyeni zingase zenze inkinga okumele inqotshwe.
I-variola virus iphinde ihlale emthonjeni ovela ezilonda ezivulekile ezitholakala ezifweni ze-pox. Umswakama ungangcolisa ukulala nokugqoka, okwenza kube nokutheleleka. Abahlinzeki bezempilo kumele basebenzise izinyathelo zokunakekelwa lapho benakekela iziguli ezinezinambuzane.
Ukugonywa
Igama elithi "ukugoma" lahlanganiswa ngenxa yokugoma komkhuhlane wegciwane, okuvela egciwane lesandulela ngculazi futhi lihlobene negciwane le-cowpox. "I-Vacca" kusho inkomo ngesiLatini.
I-variola virus, ebangela isikhukhumba, igciwane eliyingozi elichitha isikhathi sayo sokugxilisa ingxube lihamba ngokuzungezile isithandwa sayo somuntu futhi sikhiqize ngaphandle kokubangela impendulo yomzimba. Ngesikhathi i-variola virus ikhula ibe yi-smallpox futhi yenza igciwane layo ligule, igciwane lisakaze kuwo wonke umzimba. Amasosha omzimba awunaso isikhathi sokusabela.
I-vaccinia, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlala yendawo kumuntu futhi ayiphenduli ngendlela efana ne-variola. Futhi akubanga imbangela enkulu, uma ikhona, ukugula. Yenza impendulo yokuzivikela ngomzimba, leyo umzimba ongawusebenzisa ukulwa negciwane.
Ukugonywa phakathi kwezinsuku ezintathu zokuqala ukuvezwa kwesibungu segciwane kungenza isikhathi somzimba sokuzivikela sikhuphuke ukuze silwe ne-variola virus. Ngisho noma ukugonywa emva kokuchayeka akuvimbeli isiguli ukuthi singaguli, kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuqina komkhuhlane wezinambuzane.
Izingozi Zengozi Yokuhlukunyezwa
Ngaso sonke isikhathi umuntu ozalelwa e-United States ngemva kuka-1971 wathola umgomo, oshiya labo bantu ukuthi bangenelele uma ngabe i-variola virus ivela. Labo abagonywe ngaphambi kuka-1971 bangaba nengculazi encane, kodwa abacwaningi abakwazi ukuthi izinga lokugoma lihlala isikhathi esingakanani.
Ukuphakama kwabantu kusukela isikhukhukhukazi kuthiwa kuqedwa ngo-1980 sekukhulile ngokukhululekile, okwenza kube nzima ukubikezela ukuthi isifo se-variola sizosakazeka kanjani ezikhathini zanamuhla. Idatha engcono kakhulu, eyabuthwa ngawo-1960s kanye no-1970, yayisekelwe emphakathini oye wagonywa njengengqikithi futhi engenayo izimo zokucindezela ngokuzivikela komzimba njenge-HIV kubantu abaningi.
> Imithombo:
> Milton, D. (2012). Yayiyini imodi eyinhloko yokudlulisa isibhukela? Imiphumela ye-biodefense. Imingcele Ezingqamuzana Nezifo Eziphathelene Nezifo Ezinganeni , 2 . doi: 10.3389 / fcimb.2012.00150
> Amathishu, C., Biagini, P., & Crubézy, E. (2014). Ukuthola kabusha kwe-ingulube. I-Microbiology Clinic And Infection , 20 (3), 210-218. i-doi: 10.1111 / 1469-0691.12536
> McCollum, A., Li, Y., Wilkins, K., Karem, K., Davidson, W., & Paddock, C. et al. (2014). Ukukhubazeka kwe-Poxvirus nokuSayina ku-Relics Historical Relics. Izifo Ezithathelwanayo Ezikhulayo , 20 (2), 177-184. i-doi: 10.3201 / eid2002.131098
> Tayarani-Najaran, Z., Tayarani-Najaran, N., Sahebkar, A., & Emami, S. (2016). Umqulu Omusha Wokugonywa Kwengqimba. Journal Of Acupuncture And Studies Meridian , 9 (6), 287-289. doi: 10.1016 / j.jams.2016.09.003
> Cann, J., Jahrling, P., Hensley, L., & Wahl-Jensen, V. (2013). Ukuqhathaniswa Kwemvelo Ye-Isikhumba Ne-Monkeypox ku-Man and Macaques. I-Journal Ye-Pathology Yokufanisa , 148 (1), 6-21. doi: 10.1016 / j.jcpa.2012.06.007