"Akumangalisi yini," kusho u-Shakespeare owawuningi ku- Ado About Nothing , "ukuthi lezo zimvu kufanele zidonse imiphefumulo emizimbeni yabantu?" Izinsimbi zomculo ze-Elizabethan namarekhodi we-electronic of keyboards zanamuhla zinomgomo ofanayo-inhlanganisela engaqondakali yezicubu eziphilayo nezibonakaliso kagesi ezakha ubuchopho nomqondo womuntu.
Amagagasi omoya ocindezelweyo ashukumisa kanjani ama- eardrum ethu aholela ekutheni athole izinyawo noma amehlo?
Umuntu ongenakho ukuqeqeshwa komculo wazi ukuthi ingoma yomculo izwa kahle noma cha? Kungani umculo othile othize ungamomotheka umngane wethu kodwa usishiye ubanda?
Umculo nawe
Singabantu ubuchopho bethu, futhi izinto ezimbalwa ziyasithinta, ngakho-ke izinhlelo zethu zezinzwa, njengomculo. Izazi ze-neuroscientists ziye zazibuza ngokumangalisayo ngalesi simo sezinto zomuntu jikelele nesiphezulu. Ngenkathi ezinye izilwane, njengezinyoni noma imikhomo, zisebenzisa umculo wokukhulumisana, abantu bawuthanda kakhulu ngokudalwa komculo nokusetshenziswa.
Enye indlela yokusondela kule mibuzo ngokufunda amacala angavamile. Isibonelo, abanye abantu abanesifo esibuhlungu noma se-ischemic inxenye ethile yobuchopho babo bahlushwa yi-amusia-okungukuthi, abakwazi ukukhiqiza noma ukujabulela imisindo yomculo. Kule nkinga engavamile isithuthwane se-musicogenic, ukuzwa izingoma ezithile (ngisho nezingoma ezinhle) kungabangela ukuqubuka kwesibindi .
Isimo sofuzo I-Williams syndrome ihlotshaniswa nesithakazelo esikhulu somculo, kodwa amakhono anciphisa kwezinye izizinda ezingqondweni.
Ngokufunda amacala ahlukile kangaka futhi ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuphenya, izazi zezinzwa seziqalile ukuqonda izimfihlakalo zomculo. Abanye bakuthola kuwusizo ukuhlukanisa ukwazisa komculo zibe izingxenye ezintathu: ukubona imisindo, ukuqaphela umculo, nokuzwa imizwelo.
Ukubona Imisindo
Ngokushesha nje lapho amagagasi omsindo ehlasela i-eardrum, isimiso sezinzwa siqala ukuhlela umsindo. Amaseli ezinwele ku-cochlea endlebeni yangaphakathi ahlelwe ukuze ama-frequencies aphansi ashukumise amaseli eduze kwe-pepe kanye nama-high frequencies ahlasela isisekelo se-cochlear. Le nhlangano igcinwa njengoba isignali isakazwa nge-nuclei ye-brainstem kuze kube se-mediic geniculate nucleus ye-thalamus. Kusukela kule nucleus, izimpawu zokuhlola zithunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-cortex yobuchopho engxenyeni ye-lobe yesikhashana.
Ukuqaphela umculo
I-anatomy ne-physiology yokuqashelwa komculo akuqondakali kahle njengezinto eziyisisekelo zokubona okuzwakalayo. Le ngxenye yokubonga komculo ivela ku-lobes yangaphambili neyesikhashana, ingxenye entsha yomqondo yobuchopho ehlukahluka kakhulu kusuka komuntu ngamunye kuya komuntu ngamunye. I-lobes yangaphambili ihilelekile ikakhulukazi ekuqaphelisweni kwephethini okukhulunywe ngumprofesa womculo uJoseph Waters, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi kuhilelekile ekuqapheliseni izingoma ezahlukene, imilolothilo, kanye nezingoma zomculo.
Abanye abacwaningi baye bahlola indlela abaculi ababona ngayo umculo ngokuphambene nabangewona abaculi. Ezinye izifundo zokucabangela zibonise ukuthi lapho ulalela umculo, indawo engakwesokunxele yengqondo ihileleka kakhulu kubaculi kunabangewona abaculi.
I-hemisphere ye-engxenyeni yesobunxele ibhekwe njengecwaningo oluningi kunelungelo, liphakamisa ukuhlolwa okungaphezulu kobuchwepheshe kumlaleli abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu.
Umculo nomzwelo
Ngenkathi i-lobes yangaphambili ingasiza ekuboneni nasekuboneni izici zomculo ezihlukene, ngokuqinisekile kunomculo okwedlula ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo. Imizwelo eyenziwa ngumculo yilokho okugcina iningi lethu libuya ngokunye. Enye yezinkinga zomculo wukuthi uhlamvu lomculo aluhambisani ngokuphelele nolwazi lwethu lomzwelo. Isibonelo, singalalela i-aria ebuhlungu futhi sizwe izinga lokudabuka, ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo sijabulele kakhulu isipiliyoni.
Ikhono lethu lokusho ukuthi umculo omncane uhloselwe ukwenza kanjani sizizwe sihambisana nengane yentuthuko ezinganeni. Njengoba izingane zikhula, ikhono lokuxhumanisa izihluthulelo ezinkulu kanye ne-tempos esheshayo ngenjabulo nezinkinobho ezincane kanye nezinyathelo ezisheshayo ngokudabuka ziba ngokwengeziwe. Lesi sici sokubonga komculo siboshwe kumsebenzi ohlangothini lwesokunxele we-lobe kanye ne-cortex yama-posterior e-posterior.
Sizwa amandla eminye umculo nomzimba wethu wonke. Umculo othakazelisayo uvuselela indawo yengqondo ye-ventral tegmental, isikhungo somvuzo esenziwa futhi ngo- romantic uthando nemithi yokulutha. Indawo ye-ventral iqamba iqhaza kwisifunda se-neural esihlanganisa i-hypothalamus, isikhungo sobuchopho esixhunyaniswe nesistimu yezinzwa ze-autonomic. Lokhu kungabangela ukwanda kwentando yenhliziyo, izinguquko kuphethini lokuphefumula, ngisho nokuzwa "kwezingulube."
I-Coda
Umculo uyisisekelo ekusebenzeni komqondo wethu. Umculo usisondeza njengabantwana futhi njalo uyingxenye yemisebenzi ebuchosheni obunamandla kakhulu ekubhekaneni nokuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo lapho sikhula. Umphumela womculo esintwini ungumdala. Ubufakazi bokuqala bezinto zomculo zomuntu babuyela emuva eminyakeni engaba ngu-50 000 emthonjeni wamathambo atholakala emhumeni. Abantu abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi yizinto zezinto ezivelele kakhulu abangazifunda ngamanye abantu amanga ekuthandeni kwabo emculweni. Ngokufunda ukuthi ubuchopho buyazisa kanjani umculo, izazi zezinzwa zithemba ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalokho okusikwenza ngokukhethekile futhi ikakhulukazi umuntu.
Imithombo:
Steven A Sparr, Amusia kanye nesithuthwane somculo. Imibiko Yamanje Neurology Neuroscience (2003) Umqulu: 3, Issue: 6, Amakhasi: 502-507
I-Musical Brain: Inganekwane neSayensi. I-Antonio Montinaro World Neurosurgery May 2010 (Umq. 73, Issue 5, Amakhasi 442-453).
Brandy R. Matthews, Isahluko 23 Ingqondo yomculo, Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2008; 88 (): 459-469.