Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zokuqonda Izifo
I-Ebola yisifo segciwane esasakazeka eNtshonalanga Afrika (Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea).
I-Ebola kufanele inqatshelwe kuphela kulabo ababengaba nabangane abasondelene nesiguli se-Ebola noma izifo zabo zomzimba. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kube nokusola kunoma ubani onomkhuhlane noma izimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane (ama-muscle aches, u-headache, ukukhathala, ngisho nokunyakaza) ngemuva kokuhamba emavikini amathathu edlule kusuka ezindaweni ezine-Ebola ezithintekayo.
Ngenhlanhla, i-Ebola ivame ukusabalalisa.
Kodwa-ke, abasindile bokutheleleka bangaba nokuvuselelwa kwe-Ebola, okuholele ekudlulisweni kwamadoda kubalingani babo ngesikhathi socansi. Igciwane lingabuye liphinde lenzeke emehlweni, i-meninges (eduze kobuchopho), futhi kungenzeka ukuthi i-placenta nokukhulelwa, kodwa lokhu kungenakuholela ekudluliseni.
Ngo-2014 nango-2015, kuqhume iziqhumane eGuinea, eSierra Leone naseLiberia. Ukudluliselwa kwezehlakalo kwenzeka nangemva kokuba iziguli zihambisane nokugula eNigeria, eMali, e-US naseSpain. Iziguli nazo zafika e-UK nase-Italy. Iziguli nazo zithathwa phesheya ukuze zithole ukunakekelwa kwe-US, UK, France, Spain naseJalimane. Umuntu wokuqala otholwe ngaphandle kwe-Afrika wathelwa eLiberia wabe eseya eDallas, eTexas lapho efa khona kamuva. Iziguli ezintathu zithatheleleke ngaphandle kwe-West Africa ngenkathi zineziguli - abahlengikazi eDallas, eTexas naseMadrid, eSpain.
Izakhamuzi zase-US manje ziyaziwa ukuthi zithole igciwane.
Usakazeka kanjani?
I-Ebola ingumkhuhlane we- viral hemorrhagic , ikakhulukazi i-filovirus, eyasakazwa ngokuxhumana ngqo nomuntu (noma izifo zomzimba) ogulayo nge-Ebola. La manzi asemzimbeni ahlanganisa umchamo, amathe, indwangu, ukuhlanza, kanye nesilwane.
Lokhu kungase kwenzeke futhi ngokusebenzisa induku yenaliti. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokugeza umzimba ogulayo.
Labo abasengozini yilabo abasondelene kakhulu nabantu abanegciwane, izifo zabo zomzimba, noma ama-cadavers - njengemingcwabo noma ukunakekelwa. Imikhuba yokungcwaba kanye nokunakekela abantu abagulayo kungabangela ukutheleleka. Izibhedlela ezinokulawula ukutheleleka ezingaphelele zingabona abahlengikazi, odokotela nabanye abathintekayo abanesifo. Ukudluliselwa kungenziwa ezibhedlela ngaphandle kwamagundane okwanele, kubhekene namaski, izinkukhu kanye nezinye izinto zokulawula ukutheleleka ukuhlinzeka ngokuphepha.
Ngaphambi kokuba isiguli sibe nezimpawu ezivela e-Ebola, azikwazi ukudlulisela ukutheleleka. Akusilo umoya. Akusakazwa emanzini noma ngokudla.
Kwenzekani kulabo abanegciwane?
Izimpawu zingathuthuka kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-2 kuya kwezingu-21, ngokuvamile ezinsukwini ezingu-8-10. Izimpawu zivame ukuqala ngomkhuhlane ophuthumayo kanye nama-muscle aches kanye nekhanda. Kungase kube nesiphithiphithi, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, ukukhwehlela, nomphimbo obuhlungu. Njengoba lesi sifo sithuthuka, abanye balele kakhulu noma bajabule kakhulu. Ngosuku lwe-5, bangakwazi ukuhlakulela izimpawu eziphazamisayo (okungenayo igazi), okungafaka phakathi i- membrane i-membrane egazini noma ukuphuma noma ukulimaza esakhiweni somjovo wesinaliti. I-Rash ingahle ikhule futhi abaningi banciphise isisindo ngokushesha.
Ngamaviki amabili, labo abathintekayo bangathuthuka ngokushesha noma baye ngokushesha lapho beshaqeka khona.
Ithuba lokufa lixhomeke kulokho okushiwo yi-Ebola subtype. I-Ebola e-Zaire subtype ingaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangaba yi-90%, yize izinga lokufa liye lalingaphansi, cishe u-60%, eNtshonalanga Afrika lapho lesi sigaba esasakazeka khona. Amanye ama-subtypes, (i-Bundibugyo virus, igciwane laseSudan, ne-Taï Forest virus [ngaphambili e-Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus]) ihlotshaniswa namazinga aphansi okufa, nakuba kufinyelela ku-50% ngokufa kwe-Virus yaseSudan. I-Reston efihlekile ayihlotshaniswa nokutheleleka komuntu futhi ekuqaleni yayikhonjiswe ezinkambeni ezithunyelwa ePhilippines ziya e-US.
Uhlola kanjani i-Ebola?
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ebola akuvamile ukuthola izibhedlela. Kudinga ukuhlolwa okukhethekile, njengokuhlola kwe-PCR. Esikhathini sezinhlekelele, ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kungatholakala ezindaweni zokuhlukanisa. Ezindaweni ezingenayo ukuqubuka kwe-Ebola, Isikhungo Sokulawula Izifo (CDC) noma ezinye izinhlaka zezempilo zikazwelonke kufanele zihileleke.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-PCR ye-Lab akukwazi ukubona i-Ebola kuze kube yilapho izimpawu ziqala, futhi ngokuvamile okungenani izinsuku ezintathu emva kokuqala izimpawu. Awukwazi ukuhlola emva kokuvezwa yedwa.
Ingabe kukhona ukwelashwa?
Ayikho yokwelashwa okuqinisekisiwe nokuvunyiwe. Kuze kube manje, ukukhathazeka okuningi kuye kwasekela, njengokuhlinzeka ngamanzi okugcoba nokudla.
Kube nethemba lokuthi ukunikeza i-serum yegazi kulabo abasanda kutholakala kuzosiza labo abanesandulela ngculaza, kodwa lokhu akuzange kuboniswe ukuthi kube nokusebenza kahle.
Kukhona ithemba lokuthi ezinye izindlela zizosebenza. Enye indlela kuye kwaba ukudala amakhomikhali e-monoclonal, azokwenza ngokungahambisani nokulwa ne-Ebola. Enye yokwelapha okunjalo yi-ZMapp, okuhlanganisa inqwaba ye-antibodies e-monoclonal - enikezwe iziguli ezingaphansi kuka-10 kuze kube manje. Enye indlela, ebuye ibe nomdlandla, kungaba ukusebenzisa ama-nucleoside analogs zokwenziwa. I-Favipiravir, evunyelwe umkhuhlane waseJapane, ingaba yindlela enamandla.
Kukhona nethemba lokuthuthukiswa kokugoma. Akukho okwamanje okwamanje. Akulindelekile ukuthi umuntu azothuthukiswa ngokugcwele futhi ahlolwe okungenani ngomunye umnyaka.
Indlela yokuvimbela ukutheleleka?
Ukuvimbela ukudluliselwa, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa iziguli kanye nokulandelela oxhumana nabo okufanele bahlolwe futhi bahlukaniswe ngendlela efanele. Ngaphakathi kwesifunda esibhedlela, kubalulekile ukuthi bonke abasebenzi bagqoke amagilavu, ukuvikelwa kweso / izigqoko, imaski ebusweni, izingubo zokugqoka ukuvimbela noma yikuphi ukutholakala kwamanzi omzimba. Abaningi baye basebenza ne-Ebola eminyakeni engakaze bathelelwe yi-exposure to a patient. Izifo zengculazi zangaphambili ziye zacinywa ngokuhlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kokuxhumana, ngenkathi zigwema ngokweqile ukutheleleka okusha kwabasebenzi bezempilo.
Ivelaphi?
I-Ebola itholakala cishe kuphela e-Afrika, kuze kube ngo-2014. Izifo zengculaza zenzeke eDemocratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), eGabon, eSudan, e-Ivory Coast, e-Uganda naseRiphabhuliki yaseCongo ngaphambi kokuba kuqhume ngo-2014 eGuinea, eSierra Leone. Leone, eLiberia naseNigeria. Isibungu esingavumelani senzeke e-DRC ngo-2014. Amabhethri acatshangwa ukuthi uyilondolozi phakathi kwezifo ze-epidemics. Njengoba igciwane liqhubeka lingekho izimpawu ezibonakalayo kumabulane, i-bat movement ingahambisa futhi lesi sifo phakathi kweziqhumane. Iphinde ithinte izimbongolo ezingezona abantu, ezifana nama-gorilla nezimbongolo, ngokuvamile ezihlukunyezwa yilesi sifo.