Ebhola lebhola, ngaphandle kwe-throw-ins, abadlali ngaphandle kwe-goalie abakwazi ukusebenzisa izandla zabo. Nakuba abadlali ngokuvamile basebenzisa izinyawo zabo ukuhambisa ibhola futhi bathuthukise ukudlala, ukuhamba kungenye into ebalulekile. Izihloko zivumela umdlali ukuba adlule, ahlanze noma adubule ibhola ngamakhanda awo. Kodwa-ke, ukulimala kwekhanda kube yinkinga elishisayo emidlalweni, ikakhulukazi ibhola laseMelika, futhi lokhu ukukhathazeka kusakaze ebhola lebhola.
Ucwaningo olubhekene nebhola lomabili ludinganiselwe futhi luxubene, ngezifundo ezithile ezingabonisi imiphumela. Ezinye izifundo, noma kunjalo, ziye zaxhuma lo mkhuba ukuze zenze izimpikiswano, zibonise izibonakaliso ezingaphansi, kanye nokukhubazeka okungenayo i-neurocognitive.
Ukuvimbela ukuhamba esikoleni esiphakeme nangaphezulu kungenakwenzeka. Isihloko esifanele siyisiza emdlalweni futhi sigxile emasikweni ebhola. Kodwa-ke, labo abahlanganyela ekuhloleni kufanele baqeqeshelwe kahle futhi basebenzise inqubo efanele ukunciphisa ukulimala.
Izibalo zezinyawo
I-Soccer iyimidlalo ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokusho kweFederation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), abantu abayizigidi ezingu-265 badlala le midlalo.
E-United States, ibhola liye lamukelwa njengezinye izindlela eziphephile kwezinye zezemidlalo yentsha, futhi inani labadlali abadlala le midlalo lihlelwe. Phakathi kuka-1969 no-1970, ibhola lebhola lidlalwa ema-high school angu-2217 (49,593 abadlali besilisa; abadlali abesifazana aba-0).
Phakathi kuka-2013 no-2014, ibhola lebhola labafana ladlalwa ezikoleni ezingu-11 718 (abadlali abangu-417.419), futhi ibhola lebhola lamantombazane lidlalwa ezikoleni ezingu-11 354 (abadlali abangu-375,564).
Phakathi kwabadlali bebhola lezinyawo, abadlali abanenhloko yebhola lebhola eliphakathi kuka-6 no-12 izikhathi zomdlalo ngakho-ke balinganiselwa okungenani okungama-2000 emakhanda ngesikhathi sokusebenza kweminyaka engu-20.
Phakathi kwalabadlali, amaphesenti angu-40 okulimala abangelwa ukuxhumana nomdlali wekhanda, kanye noxhumana naye webhola-kuhlanganise nama-akhawunti angama-12.6% okulimala.
Phakathi kwabadlali bebhola lebhola lezinyawo, ukulinganiselwa kuthiwa kubangele phakathi kwamaphesenti angu-31 no-37 wezimpikiswano. Ezingeni lekolishi, izimpikiswano zenza amaphesenti angu-5.8 okulimala asekelwa abadlali bebhola lebhola, kanti amaphesenti angu-8.6 okulimala asekelwa abadlali besifazane.
Ucwaningo nge-Heading
Nakuba kuncane okungaziwa ngemiphumela yesikhashana yokuhamba, ngokubanzi, ukuhlobana kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokuhleleka kokuhlela, inkumbulo, nokusebenza kwe-visuoperceptual. Ngokwemvelo, lezi zinguquko zibonakala zinengqondo ngoba abadlali bahamba ngenhla ephezulu ebunzini elivikela i-prefrontal cortex, ehilelekile ekusebenzeni kwengqondo, ngokomzwelo nokuziphatha.
Ukuthola imiphumela yocwaningo olukhathazayo kakhulu ngokuphathelene nokuhola ebhola ibhola kuncike ekuhlolweni kwabadlali abaqeqeshiwe, abenza izinhloko ezingenakubalwa emidlalweni nasemisebenzini ngesikhathi sokuphila.
Ku-athikili ka-2017 eyanyatheliswa ku- Acta Neuropathologica , abadlali abangu-14 abahlala emdlalweni webhola webhola lebhola (abaqeqeshiwe abangu-13 kanye no-amateur oyedwa) balandelwa kuze kube sekufeni.
Labadlali bebhola badlala iminyaka engama-26, futhi bonke laba abadlali banamakhono ekuholeni. Abadlali abayisithupha babhekana nesicoco ngasinye ngesikhathi sezemisebenzi yabo.
Bonke laba badlali bathuthukisa ukucindezeleka esikhathini esizayo empilweni. Abayishumi balaba abadlali nabo babekhona ukukhubazeka kwezimoto, kuhlanganise ne- parkinsonism , ukungazinzeki komzimba noma ukungahlali komzimba ngemuva kokuwa njalo, futhi ukushaywa indiva (i- dysarthria ibhekisela enkingeni yokukhuluma). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha kwemizwelo nokuziphatha kwakuvamile phakathi kwalaba bantu.
Laba badlali baqala ukuhlakulela ukukhubazeka okuqhubekayo okungenani okuphakathi kweminyaka engama-64, kanti lesi sifo saphela iminyaka eyishumi.
Abadlali abayishumi nambili kwabadlali abangu-16 bafa ngesifo esiphezulu se-neurodegenerative. Akekho wabadlali ababikwa ukuthi baphathwa kabi ngokweqile, ukusebenzisa kabi utshwala noma imicabango yokuzibulala.
Ama-autopsies ayenziwa kwabadlali abayisithupha, futhi bonke babonisa ushintsho lwezitshengiselo olukhombisa ukutheleleka kwekhanda okungapheli. Ngokucacile, ezine zibonise ukuhlolwa okudingekayo kokuxilongwa kwe-encephalopathy engapheliyo, noma i- CTE , ebuye yaboniswa ebhokisini lobuchwepheshe, abadlali bebhola, abadlali be-hockey njalonjalo. (I-CTE i-diagnostic eyenziwa ngemuva kokuzenzekelayo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amacala amabili, nakuba engahlangabezane nazo zonke izindlela ezidingekayo zokuxilongwa, wabonisa ezinye izici ezaziyi-CTE, njenge-septal engavamile, i-tau pathologies, nokuphulukiswa kwe-ventricle yesithathu.
Kwesinye isihloko sika-2017 esashicilelwe ku- Neurology , abadlali bebhola lebhola le-amateur abangu-222 (amaphesenti angu-79 wamadoda) banikezwa imibuzo ebuza mayelana nemvamisa yezinhloko kanye nemvamisa kanye nobukhulu bezimpawu zesistimu eziphakathi kwamanzi (CNS), kusukela ekunciphiseni kuze kube nzima kakhulu. Nanka eminye imiphumela yalolu cwaningo:
- Kwabesilisa, inani eliphakathi kwezihloko zeviki lezinsuku ezimbili lalingu-44, kanti nenani eliphakathi lalingu-18.
- Kwabesifazane, isilinganiso esiphezulu sezinhloko zeviki lamasonto amabili sasingama-27, kanti inombolo ephakathi kwaba ngu-9.5.
- Izimpawu ezihlobene ne-heading zihlangene ngamaphesenti angu-20 abaphenduliwe.
- Okungenani impikiswano eyodwa yekhanda elingenalutho yabangelwa ngamaphesenti angu-37 omuntu namaphesenti angama-43 abesifazane.
- Amamodeli aphansi kakhulu we-CNS ahlotshaniswa nokuqondisa umsebenzi kanye nemithelela engathandeki ikhanda. Lokhu kutholakala kubalulekile kubadlali abahamba phambili kakhulu (i-quartile ephezulu).
Ngokusho kwabalobi:
"Isihloko sihlotshaniswa nokusebenza okuncane kokuzicabangela esikoleni esiphakeme, abadlali abadala, nabadlali bebhola abaqeqeshiwe kanye nokulimala kwengqondo emincane, ngaphandle kokuncintisana okubonakalayo. Ngokuphawulekayo, impikiswano yekhanda eholela emidlalweni engaphezu kwempumelelo ingase ingabonakali isikhathi esiphelele sezingozi. "
Imiphumela ehlanganisa izibonakaliso ze-CNS kubadlali abavame ukuhola ibhola elivumelane nedatha yabacwaningi kusuka ezifundweni zangaphambilini, okuye kwabonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-30 abadlali bebhola abahola izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-1000 ngonyaka babe engozini enkulu yokushintsha izinto ezincane ezimayelana nemikhakha emincane. ukulimala kwengqondo ebuhlungu (TBI).
Ngokusho kweCDC:
"I-TBI ibangelwa ukuqhuma, ukushaya, noma ukulimala ekhanda noma ukulimala kwekhanda okungena phambili okuphazamisa umsebenzi ojwayelekile wengqondo. Akuwona wonke ama-blows noma ama-jolts kumphumela oyinhloko ku-TBI. Ubukhulu be-TBI bungase bubanzi (okusho ukuthi ishintsho esifushane esimweni sengqondo noma ekuqapheliseni) 'okubi' (okusho ukuthi isikhathi esingeziwe sokungazi lutho noma ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo ngemuva kokulimala). Iningi le-TBI eyenzeka ngonyaka unomusa, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi izimpikiswano. "
Kuthiwani Ngamakhanda Okuvikela Amakhanda?
Emzamweni wokwenza imali ngokuqondisa ukwesaba, abakhiqizi abaningana baye bakhulisa amabhande amakhanda okuhloswe ukuvikela umdlali emiphumeleni emibi yokuhamba nokulimala okungenhloso. Lawa mabhande amakhanda ajwayelekile ayenziwe ngamamitha angama-centimeter-protective foam, aphikisana nekhanda futhi azungeze i-parietal, temporal, frontal and occipital lobes. Abakhiqizi balezi zinsiza bathi banqamula amandla emithelela ekhanda futhi banciphisa izimpikiswano nemiphumela engavumelani ne-neurocognitive. Kodwa kunjalo?
Ngokufanayo nezifundo ezihlolisise imiphumela engaba yingozi yokuhamba, noma yiziphi iziphetho ezitholakala ekuhlaziyweni kwalezi zikhwama ezinamakhanda ezinkuni nazo zingabonakala.
Ngokwesibonelo, esifundweni esisodwa esincane esashicilelwe encwadini ethi Research in Sports Medicine ngo-2015, abahlanganyeli ababegqoke ibhande eliphezulu babonisa ukwehla kwenkumbulo yokukhuluma emva kokuzivocavoca, kanti abahlanganyeli ababengazange bagqoke ibhande elibonisa ikhanda babonisa izikhathi zokusabela ngokushesha emva kokuzivocavoca. Ngenxa yokuthi le miphumela isuke ingenakuphikisa, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi inhloko yokuvikela ibhola ayincane ekunciphiseni imiphumela engabonakali yokuthola ulwazi.
I-Technical Heading Technique
Ngenxa yokukhathazeka okukhulayo mayelana nokuhamba, ngoNovemba 2015, iNational Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA) ibenqabela abadlali "bebhola lezinyawo" iminyaka engu-11 ubudala (U11), futhi banciphise umkhuba kubadlali beqembu le-U12 ne-U13 . Abadlali be-U14 nangaphezulu, inqubo efanele yokubamba iqhaza ukugxila komkhuba nokudlala.
Encwadini ehlobene nalokhu, izinkanyezi eziningana ze-US Women's National Team izinkanyezi, kuhlanganise noJoy Fawcett, Brandi Chastain, noCindy Parlow Cone, bajoyine ucingo lokuvimbela ukuhamba ngaphambi kwezinga lesikoleni esiphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Abby Wambach onguqhawe webhola lezemidlalo ungummeli omkhulu wokuqondisa ukuphepha, futhi uhlela ukunikela ngobuchopho bakhe ekucwaningeni.
Ngokusho kwe-NSCAA, isihluthulelo sokuvimbela ukulimala yintamo kanye nokuqiniswa okuyinhloko. Intsha ephakathi kuka-U11 no-U14 kufanele ifundiswe ukuhlanganisa ikhanda, intamo, kanye ne-torso ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala. Nazi amathiphu amahlanu:
- Abadlali kufanele basebenzise amabunzi abo ngenkathi behamba. Kufanele futhi bagcine amehlo abo evulekile futhi umlomo uvaliwe.
- Abadlali kufanele balinganise ngezandla zabo ngenkathi behamba.
- Abadlali kufanele bazibeke emgqeni webhola lapho behamba khona.
- Abadlali kufanele baqhubeke bebeka amakhanda abo ngenkathi bengena emgqeni wezindiza.
- Abadlali kufanele balondoloze isimo esikhulu ngezinyawo ngenkathi behamba.
Ngaphansi
Idatha yokuhlola imiphumela engase ibe yingozi yokuhamba ingeyona engacacile futhi ingenangqondo. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningwane olwenziwe lusekelwe ekuthandeni imiphumela engavumelani nebhola lebhola lezinyawo lase-US livimbele umkhuba kubadlali bebhola lebhola lezinyawo 11 kanye nezingane ezincane ngenkathi zivimbela umkhuba kubantwana abaneminyaka engu-12 no-13 ukuya-emaminithi angu-30 okuholwa ukuqeqeshwa ngesonto futhi ayikho ngaphezulu kwezihloko ezingu-15 kuya kwezingu-20 kumdlali ngamunye.
Isihloko esivikelayo esenzelwe ukunciphisa izingozi zokuhamba nokulimala kwekhanda okungenhloso kungase kungasebenzisi kancane. Esikhundleni salokho, abadlali kufanele bafunde futhi basebenzise inqubo efanele yokukhuluma ukuze banciphise izingozi zokulimala kobuchopho.
> Imithombo:
> Comstock RD et al. Ingxoxo Esuselwe Ebufakazi Yokuhola Ibhola Nezimpikiswano Ekhasini Eliphakeme Lezinyawo. I-JAMA Pediatrics. 2015; 169 (9): 830-837.
> Elbin RJ et al. Ukuhlolwa Okuqala Kwendlela Yokusebenza Nezibalo Neurocognitive Ukulandela Umdlalo Wezinyawo Esikhundleni Kwabalandeli Abagqoke Izinsizakalo Zezinyawo Zokuzivikela. Ucwaningo lweMithi Yezemidlalo , 23: 203-214, 2015.
> Ling H et al. I-pathologies ehlanganisiwe kuhlanganise ne-akhawunti engapheliyo ye-encephalopathy account for dementia kumdlali abadlala umhlalaphansi webhola lebhola (ibhola). Acta Neuropathologica . NgoFebruwari 15, 2017.
> I-NSCAA ihola phambili ekuPhephekeni kokuPhepha. I-Soccer Journal . Septemba-Okthoba 2016.
> Stewart WF et al. Izimpawu Ezivela Emthonjeni Owenziwe Ngenhloso Engahlosiwe Nengenhloso Yezinyawo ku-Soccer Players. I-Neurology . 2017.