Imikhiqizo ihlala kithi futhi ingaphezu kwethu kwamaseli ethu. I-Microbiota emanzini omuntu ingenye yezinhlobo zemvelo ezinabantu abaningi abaziwa kakhulu emvelweni. Ilawula umsebenzi we-metabolic kanye nezimpendulo zamasosha omzimba futhi inomthelela ekuziphatheni nasekuziphatheni. Ukungalingani kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezifo ezihlukahlukene ezibandakanya izifo zesifo sofuba (IBD) kanye nokukhathazeka komzimba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- microbiome enempilo ingaba nomsebenzi wokuzivikela njengoba kukhonjiswe endabeni kaHelicobacter pylori, eyaziwa ngaphambilini ngemiphumela yayo eyingozi.
Ososayensi manje bayaqaphela ukuthi i- H.pylori- okuyinto eyenzekayo, isitholakala esiswini sika-Iceman Oetzi oneminyaka engu-5 300 ubudala-ingase ivikele ngokumelene ne-acid reflux ne-asthma.
Microbiome noma Microbiota?
I-Microbiome ne-microbiota zithole okuningi kamuva kwamanje ngenxa yentuthuko yesayensi ephathelene nokwelashwa kwezifo zamathumbu namasosha omzimba okubandakanya imiphakathi ye-microbial. Kube khona ukungaqondakali ngendlela indlela amagama amabili asetshenziswa ngayo. UDkt. Jonathan Eisen waseYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, uDavis uthi iningi le-microbiome selijwayele ukubhekisela ekuqoqweni kwezinyoni ezincane ezihlala endaweni ethile emzimbeni, isibonelo, isisindo somuntu. Leli gama laqala ukusetshenziswa emashumini angu-1800 futhi livela encwadini yakudala yaseNtaliyane ngezingqinamba nezinkinga zokubeletha.
Eminye imithombo ethembekile, njengephephabhuku lesayensi Nature , futhi ichaza i-microbiome njengezinto eziphathekayo zofuzo ngaphakathi kwe-microbiota. Ngokombono wabo, i-microbiota ibhekisela kulo lonke iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo.
Nakuba kubonakala sengathi kukhona ukungahambisani nokusetshenziswa kwegama lamagama, umphakathi wesayensi uyavuma ukuthi umnikelo wezincikitsi empilweni yabantu kubalulekile.
Noma kunjalo, ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube inselele ukutadisha ithonya labo eliqondile kanye nobuhlobo be-causal ezifweni ezihlukahlukene.
Kudluliselwa i-microbiome phakathi kwabantu
Ngo-2016, isifundo sanyatheliswa ku- Nature Medicine esichaza inqubo yokudlulisa i-microbiome yomama enganeni yakhe esanda kuzalwa.
Kuye kwasungulwa ngaphambilini ukuthi abantwana abazalwa yingxenye ye-cearean banamathuba amaningi okuthuthukisa izifo ezizimele. Njengoba indlela yabo yokubeletha engabonakali kwi-microbiome yama-vaginal, ngemva nje kokuzalwa, i-microbiome yabo yegciwane ifana neyesikhumba sabo somama. Ngokuphambene, izinsana ezizalwa ngamanye amazwe zine-microbiome yegciwane efana ne-microbiome yomama wayo, ebonakala ibavikela ezimweni ezithile eziyingozi. Ukuhlolwa okwenzelwe uMnuz Professor Dominguez-Bello waseYunivesithi yaseNew York wabheka ukudlulisela i-microbiome yomama wengane kuzingane ezizalwa ngengxenye C. Oomama babeshukile futhi izingane zaqotshwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa. Lapho ivivinywa ngemva kwenyanga, izinsana ezazingenwa ngaphakathi ne-microbiome yangasese zine-microbiome ezifana ncamashi nesisu somama. Lokhu kuhanjiswa kwezitshalo zangasese emva kwesigaba se-C, owaziwa nangokuthi "ukuhlwanyiswa kwamasini", kungase kube yinkambiso ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo futhi kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ezinye izimo ezizenzakalelayo.
Kodwa-ke, abanye ochwepheshe bayacwayisa ukuthi nakuba lo mkhuba uqhubeka uthanda, izinzuzo zawo azange ziboniswe okwamanje. UDkt. Aubrey Cunnington, wase-Imperial College yaseLondon, uveza ukuthi uketshezi lwamanzi angasese kungaphinda kuthwale amabhaktheriya namagciwane angaba yingozi kumntwana. Okwamanje, ochwepheshe bezezempilo baye baxwayiswa ukuthi bangenzi uketshezi lwesisu.
Ukufakelwa kwe-Fecal microbiota (FMT) noma i-bacteriotherapy nayo ihlolwe. Isibonelo, sisebenzise iziguli ezinokungalingani kwebhaktheriya emathunjini abo ngenxa yomuthi wangaphambilini wama-antibiotic owabhubhisa amabhaktheriya awusizo.
Abantu abaye bahlolelwa ukuthi bane- Clostridium difficile colitis (engenzeka njalo kubantu abayithatha ama-antibiotic) manje bangaphathwa ngokudluliselwa kwesitoreji kumnikeli onempilo . Ukutheleleka kuka- C. difficile kubhekwa njengezifo ezivame ukutholakala esibhedlela. Ukutheleleka ngokuvamile kuholela ekuhuleni kwansuku zonke. Odokotela ababili baseDenmark, uDkt. Michael Tvede noDkt. Christian Rask-Madsen, bahlakulela uhlobo oluthile lwe-bacteriotherapy ebonisa ukuthi kuningi okungaba khona ekwelapheni isifo sohudo ehambisana ne- C.difficile bacterium. Njenge-FMT indlela yabo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-rectal bacteriotherapy (RBT), ihlose ukubuyisela kabusha i-microflora emathunjini evamile. Ukuhlolwa kweziguli ezingu-55 ezathola i-RBT kubonise ukuthi ukwelashwa kwaphumelela ngamaphesenti angama-80 weziguli zabo (nomphumela ongcono kulabo abangenalo ukugula kwamathumbu). U-Tvede no-Rask-Madsen bayavuma ukuthi zikhona izingozi ezihilelekile njalo lapho kutholakala isiguli ngamagciwane aphilayo, isibonelo, ukutheleleka kwegazi kungakhula. Izinsuku eziyishumi zilandela i-RBT, esinye seziguli zabo sangeniswa esibhedlela ngesimo esinzima, okungenzeka sixhunywe ne-RBT.
I-Human-Gut-on-a-Chip Technology
Ithimba elivela eHarvard University lenze inqubekelaphambili enkulu ekutadisheni ukungcolisa amabhaktheriya nokuvuvukala ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-gut-on-chip-chipinjini-micro engineer imodeli elawulwayo yamathumbu omuntu. Lo mfanekiso-ubukhulu bememori yekhompiyutha-ulinganisa izimo zemvelo emathunjini omuntu, okwenza abacwaningi bafunde ukukhuphuka kwamagciwane nokuvuvukala kwamathumbu. Ngokokuqala ngqá, ososayensi bayakwazi ukuhlaziya izimpendulo ezahlukene ze-pathophysiological kanye nomnikelo wamagciwane kanye nama cell in vitro.
Izinsizakalo ezifana neBiome nazo zivela, ziguqula ukuhlolwa kwamabhaktheriya abantu zibe yisakhamuzi isayensi. Noma kunjalo, lezi zikhungo ezithandwayo zingase zibe nemingcele eminingi. Isayensi isasencane, futhi ukubuka kuphela amabhaktheriya emathunjini ethu akusho ukuthi usinike isithombe esiphezulu sezemvelo kanye nempilo yomzimba.
> Imithombo:
> Blaser M, Chen Y, J. Reibman Ingabe UHelicobacter Pylori Uvikela Ukulwa Ne-Asthma Nokungezwani Komzimba? BMJ Gut . 2008; (5): 561-567
> Cunnington A, Sim K, Deierl A, Kroll J, Brannigan E, Darby J. "Seeding Vaginal" yezinsana ezizalwa yiChesarean Section. I-BMJ .2016; 352: 1-2.
> Dominguez-Bello M, De Jesus-Laboy K, uClemente J, et al. Ukubuyiselwa okuyingxenye ye-microbiota yezinsana ezisuka ku-Cesarea nge-Vaginal Microbial Transfer. Umuthi Wemvelo . 2016; (3): 250-254
> Kim H, Li H, Collins J, Ingber D. Iminikelo ye-M icrobiom ne-Mechanical Deformation ku-Overstrows and Bremings in Human Gut-on-a-Chip. Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences yase-United States of America . 2016; 113 (1): E7-E15
> Maixner F, Krause-Kyora B, Zink A, et al. U-Helicobacter Pylori Genome wase-Iceman oneminyaka engu-5300 ubudala. Isayensi. 2016; 351 (6269): 162-165
> Tvede M, Tinggaard M, Helms M. Isihloko sokuqala: I-Rectal Bacteriotherapy ye-Clostridium ejwayelekile ehlanganisiwe-Umhudo ohlangene: Imiphumela evela ku-Case Series of 55 Iziguli e-Denmark 2000-2012. I-Microbiology Clinic And Infection . 2015; 21: 48-53