Uma ungase udale utopia oyisithulu, bekuyoba njani? Wonke umuntu uzokwazi ukuxhumana ngolimi lwezandla. Ukuba izithulu bekuyojwayelekile ngoba umphakathi jikelele ngeke udinga imfundo. Isivini sikaMarta empeleni sasinjengendawo, futhi naphezu kokuba isiqhingi esincane, sidlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni oyisithulu.
I-Utopia eyizithulu yayikhona ngesikhathi esisodwa iphuma eMgodini waseMassachusetts
Ngesinye isikhathi, empeleni kwakukhona indawo engacatshangwa ukuthi iyisithulu samathulu.
Kwenzeka esiqhingini esiseduze esisedolobheni laseMassachusetts, esiqhingini esaziwa ngokuthi iMarta's Vineyard. Nakuba abantu abaningi behlobanisa uMvini KaMarta ngokuthi babe ikhaya labashaki abhlophe abamhlophe e-Jaws movie, lesi siqhingi saziwa kangcono ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi njengesiqhingi esinabantu abaningi abayizithulu. Kwenzeke kanjani lokho?
Abanye abahlala emapulazini aseViniyard baphatha isisindo sokuzithulu (isazi sokuqala esaziwayo kwakunguJonathan Lambert, 1694), futhi eminyakeni engaphezu kweminyaka eminingi yomshado, izizukulwane ngezizukulwane zazihlala zilahlekelwa ukuzwa . Ngesinye isikhathi, eyodwa kwezingane ezine yazalwa isithulu!
Kwakukhona izithulu eziningi eziMvini (izithulu eziningi ezazihlala eChimark) lapho izakhamuzi zakha ulimi lwezandla olubizwa ngokuthi uLimi loMnyango Wezandla LwaseMvini (MVSL) noma uLimi Lwezandla LwaseChilmark (olubonakala luvela eCentin Kent eningizimu yeNgilandi. bacabanga ukuthi i-MVSL idlala indima ekuthuthukiseni kamuva kolimi lwezandla lwaseMelika lapho izakhamuzi zaseMivini zifika eSikoleni SaseMelika Sabazizwayo eHartford, Connecticut.
Izinto Ezenza Umvini KaMarta Uyingqayizivele
Siyazi ukuthi kunezinye izindawo emlandweni lapho abantu abaningi bezwa ukulahlekelwa kwezindlebe, ngakho-ke yini eyenza uMvini kaMarta uyingqayizivele kangaka? Ake sibheke amanye amaqiniso angemuva aholela kulokhu "u-deaftoptop".
Abantu abaPhuphuke kakhulu
Ngokuqinisekile, ukuba nenani elikhulu labantu abalahlekelwa ukuzwa kwakushukumisela abantu bakaMarta Isivini ukuba bathuthukise amathuba okuxhumana nalabo abayizithulu.
Ezinye izicukuthwane ezithathwe ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka yamaVineyadi zembonisa ubukhulu besithulu. Ngo-1817, imindeni emibili yayinamalungu esithulu, enesisindo esingamatshumi ayisikhombisa. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-1827 kwakunezithulu ezingu-11. Ukubalwa kwabantu kwabantu abangu-1850 eKilmark kwaveza izindlu ezingu-17 eziyisithulu ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye, emizini yaseHammett, eLambert, eLuce, eMayhew, eTilton naseMidolobheni. Ngo-1855, kwakungu-17 kanye no-4 eTisbury eseduzane. Ukubalwa kwabakwa-Chillmark ngo-1880 kwakunezithulu ezingu-19 emakhaya angu-159. Imindeni emisha eyisithulu ekubaleni kuka-1880 yayihlanganisa amaNobles kanye namaSmiths. Ukulinganisa lokhu, uma kuqhathaniswa nezwe lase-US lapho imvamisa yezithulu yayingama-6,000 cishe, ku-Vineyard kwakungaphezulu kokungu-1 ku-155 (1 ku-25 ku-Chilmark, no-1 kwabayi-4 edolobheni laseChilmark lase-Squibnocket ).
Ukwamukelwa Okuphezulu Kwelimi Lwezandla
Ulimi lwezandla lwamukelwa emvinini waseMvini kangangokuthi iphephandaba lamangala ngo-1895 ngendlela izakhi ezikhulunywayo nezibhalwe ngayo ezisetshenziselwa ngokukhululekile futhi kalula yizakhamuzi ezizithulu nezokuzwa. Abantu abathuthela ku-Chilmark kwadingeka bafunde ulimi lwezandla ukuze bahlale emphakathini. Ukungazizwa kwakungavamile kangangokuthi abanye abahlali abazwayo babecabanga ukuthi yisifo esithathelwanayo.
Inothi, yilokho isithulu akuzange kubhekwe njengokukhubazeka.
Ukufunda esikoleni eside
Esivini, abantwana abayizithulu baya esikoleni isikhathi eside kunabantwana abazwayo, njengoba umbuso unikezela ngezimali zokufunda izingane ezizithulu. Lokhu empeleni kwaholela ekutheni izinga lokufunda lokufunda eliphakeme phakathi kwabafundi abayizithulu kunabafundi bokuzwa.
Ukuncipha Kwezinga Lwabantu Abangenalutho
Imibhangqwana yaqhubeka futhi abantu abayizithulu baseClmark kanye nabo bonke abavini bavuna. Kuyobe kuqhubeka ukukhula uma kungenjalo ekukhuleni kwemfundo yezithulu ezweni. Njengoba izingane zesivini ezivini zivame ukuya ezikoleni eziqhamuka esiqhingini, zazijwayele ukuhlala-esiqhingini, ukushada nabantu abashadile, futhi kancane kancane izithulu zezivini zanqabile.
Isidumbu sokugcina esivumayo saseMivini saphela eminyakeni yama-1950.
Amabhuku nezinye izinsiza
Umlando wezithulu kanye namagugu , ikakhulukazi umlando wesintu oyisithulu ku-Martha's Vineyard, uye wabajabulisa abafundi. Le nzalo yaba nomphumela wokushicilelwa kwencwadi: Wonke umuntu Lapha Ulimi Lwezandla LwaseSpoke : Izinga Lokuzidla Ngesivinini SeMvini KaMarta . Le ncwadi ibonisa ukuthi iSivini siyisithulu endaweni ethile yaseBrithani iKent County ebizwa ngokuthi i-Weald. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leminye imithombo iyatholakala:
- Iphepha lokucwaninga lamakhasi angu-15 elingahlosiwe (mhlawumbe phakathi nango-1990) likaRobert Mather noLinda McIntosh eTufts University, "Oyisithulu sikaMarta Isivini." I-bibliography ichaza izihloko ezimbili zika-1981 ku-Duke's County Intelligencer, ngokulandelana ngokubizwa ngokuthi "Isiqhingi Sabantu Abasendle: Isifundo Ekuqondeni Kwabantu," nethi "Chilmark Deaf: Izakhamuzi Ezibalulekile." Okunye okufakwe ku-bibliography kwakungu-1895 i-Boston Sunday Herald, "Mark of Chilmark, Deaf, and Dumb edolobheni lase Squibnocket."
- Isihloko samakhasi ayisithupha sonyaka ka-2001, esithi "Isici Sokuthula Esinezwi Eliqinile," kusukela kumagazini waseBoston University alumni, eBostonia. Lesi sihloko sisho ngokufushane imizamo ye-alumnus (uJoan Poole Nash, manje uthisha wezemfundo oyisithulu) ukurekhoda emibonweni ye-videotape ye-MVSL eyaboniswa ngu-ugogo wakhe nomkhulu wakhe.
- Ngo-March 1999, umagazini i-Yankee washicilela lesi sihloko esithi "Isiqhingi Esasiphakamise Ngesandla."
Ngezansi Ngendima Yomvini KaMarta Emlandweni Wezintambo
Inhlanganisela yabantu abaningi abayizithulu kanye nezakhamizi ezishukumisayo kwaholela ezimweni ezingase zibhekwe ngokuthi "u-deaf utopia" eMvini kaMavini. Inothi, ukuthi ukuthuthuka okwenzekile kwenzeka ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe ukukhuluma kanye nenani elincane labantu (uma kuqhathaniswa nesibalo se-US sonke).
Njengoba kubonakala ngentuthuko eminingi enkambeni yezithulu, umthelela wokuthi abantu abangashadile namacembu amancane abantu abangayenza ekwenzeni umehluko ongapheli kungaba yinto enkulu kakhulu.
Mhlawumbe, sidinga ukubheka isibonelo sikaMarta sikaMivini ngezimpikiswano eziningi kanye nokukhathazeka esiko lethu namuhla. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, ukulahlekelwa kwezindlebe akuzange kubhekwe njengokukhubazeka kuMvini KaMarta. Kwakungacatshangwa ngokuthi "okungavamile," kepha kunalokho okuhlukile kokuba ngumuntu. Ukuba wonke umuntu "akhulume ulimi olufanayo" kuncishiswe lokho okungenzeka ukuthi kube "ukuvinjelwa kolimi" futhi kwakuzuzisa kokubili labo ababezwayo nalabo abayizithulu.
Kulabo abangesizithulu noma abazizwayo ngokungazi kahle futhi bengayazi i-ASL, thola isikhashana ukufunda mayelana nendlela yokuxhumana nabantu abayizithulu nabanzima bokuzwa ukusiza ukunciphisa "isivinini solimi" namuhla. Ungase futhi uthathe ukucabangela ukusekela eyodwa yezithulu nezinhlangano ezinzima zokuzwa .
> Imithombo:
> Groce, N. Wonke umuntu Lapha Lulwimi Lwezandla LwaseSpoke: Ukulahlwa Kwezimpumputhe Emvini KaMarta. Ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi. Ukungenamazwi kanye neMfundo Yezwe . 2007. 9: 167-168.
> Kusters, A. Deaf Utopias? Ukubuyekeza i-Sociocultural Literature emhlabeni "Izixazululo zikaMarta zezivini". I-Journal of Deaf Studies and Education Deaf . 2010. 15 (1): 3-16.