Izindaba zikhombisa ukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo ngokuzizwa
Izindinganiso zamasiko ezithulu phezu kwezizukulwane ziye zaboniswa kakhulu yizincwadi zesikhathi. Ezincwadini eziningi zakudala zakudala, izithulu zazivame ukuboniswa kabi ngababhali ababezibheka njengezincipha, ezimele noma ezikhohlisayo.
Ngesikhathi abalobi besikhathi esifanayo benza izinyathelo ekuboniseni izithulu ngokukhanya okulinganiselayo, kukhona izinkolelo ezingapheliyo nezingqondo ezingalungile ezihlupha ngisho nezincwadi ezingcono kakhulu.
Izincwadi Zangaphambi Kwekhulu Lama-20
Iningi lezindaba zakuqala zethulu zalotshwa abalobi bezwa. Omunye wokuqala kwakunguDaniel Defoe, umbhali owaziwayo owabhala uRobinson Crusoe .
I-noveli, i-Life and Adventures kaDuncan Campbell , yayiyincwadi ehlukile ngesikhathi sayo. Kubhalwe ngo-1729, kuchaza indodakazi yomlingisi ogama lakhe lingu-Loggin njenge "isimangaliso semvelo kanye nomvelo omuhle" owayenengqondo ehlakulelwe kakhulu futhi wakwazi ukukhuluma nokufunda i-lip kalula.
UDefoe wathola ukuphefumulelwa okukhulu emsebenzini wakhe kababazala, owayengumfundisi wezizithulu eNgilandi.
Ukubonakaliswa kukaDefoe kwakuphawu oluphawulekayo emthethweni lapho isithulu sasivame ukuboniswa njengephutha elidabukisayo noma ithuluzi lokukhohliswa. Phakathi kwezibonelo:
- UCadwallader Crabtree ngo- Peregrine Pickle nguThobias Smollett (1751), owayengeyisithulu kodwa azenzele ukuze asakaze inhlebo enonya
- I-Quasimodo e- The Hunchback ye-Notre Dame ngu-Victor Hugo (1831), oyisithulu, ongenalutho onogada obhekene nesiphetho esibuhlungu ngemva kokuthandana ne-gypsy enhle
- USir Kenneth waseScotland eThe Talisman kaSir Walter Scott (1851), ozenza sengathi uyisigqila saseNubian esithulu ukuze ahlole abanye ebusweni benkosi
- INkosi noMbusi kuMarku Twain I-Adventures kaHuckleberry Finn (1885), omunye wabo azenza sengathi uyisithulu ngenkathi enye isebenzisa ulimi lwezandla lokukhohlisa ukuze iqhube abanye
Izincwadi Zama-Century
Ngesikhathi isithulu sichazwa ngokukhanya okuzwelana kakhulu nabalobi bekhulu le-20, abaningi abakhohlakeleyo abangekho abafanayo. Lokhu akulona nje kuphela izithulu zezithulu kepha labo abanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhubazeka kusuka ku-Tom Robinson ekubulaleni i-Mockingbird no-Lenny ku- Amantombazane namadoda kuya ku-Laura ku -Glass Menagerie . Konke kwakuyizinhlamvu ezilimale ekugcineni ezihloswe ngenhlekelele.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izithulu zazivame ukusetshenziselwa isifaniso sokuhlukaniswa kwamasiko ezincwadini eziningi zakudala zangekhulu lama-20 nezindatshana. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlamvu ezifana nalezi:
- UJames Knapp ku-Eugene O'Neill's Warnings (1913), umshayeli ongenamakhalekhukhwini ongenazithulu futhi kamuva uyazibulala ngemuva kokubangela ukuphahlazeka kwe-SS Empress
- Indoda endala e-Ernest Hemingway "Indawo Ehlanzekile Ekhanyisiwe" (1933), isisulu sokuzibulala, isidakwa esisithulu esingafuni lutho ngaphandle kokuzivala emhlabeni
- I-Holden Caulfield ku-JD Salinger's The Catcher ku-Rye (1951), ophupho lokuba yisithulu futhi ehlala ezweni lokuthula okuphelele
- U-Misses Tutti noFrutti kuHarper Lee wokubulala i-Mockingbird (1960), odade ababili abayizithulu ababengumgomo wokulungiswa nokuhlukunyezwa kubantwana bomuzi
Ngenhlanhla, akuzona zonke izinhlamvu ezizithulu ezincwadini ezazihloselwe ukuhlushwa okufanayo. Abalobi abaningi besikhathi esifanayo benza izinyathelo zokudlulela ngaphesheya kwama-clichés futhi babonisa abantu abayizithulu njengabantu abalingani ngokugcwele ngokuphila okucebile, okungaphakathi. Ezinye zezibonelo ezinhle zihlanganisa:
- UJohn Singer e-Carson McCuller's The Heart ungumLonely Hunter (1940), indoda eyisithulu ekwazi ukuhlanganisa ubuhlobo obujulile nabantu abasedolobheni lakhe elincane laseJeorgia
- ULinda Snopes Kohl kuWilliam Faulkner's The Mansion (1959), owesifazane oyisithulu, onesifiso esinamandla odala ukungezwani kulokishi lakhe laseMisissippi lapho ekhetha ukufundisa abantwana abamnyama
U-Alice Guthries kuSara Flanigan sika- Alice (1988), intombazane eyisithulu, isifo sokuhlushwa , ngemuva kokushiywa nguyise, ikwazi ukuzifundisa futhi inqobe ukuxhashazwa kobusha bayo